三、连词表示因果关系
1. because 说明直接原因,一般放在主句之后,也可放在主句之前。because语气最强,常用来回答why的提问,表示一种直接原因,而不是推断,如要强调时可将because引导的原因状语从句提前。
The boy was absent because he was ill.
Because it was getting dark, he hurried.
I am very strict with my students, because I want them to become good citizen.
Because he is ill, he is absent today.
2. as, since 说明比较明显、稍加分析即可推论出的原因。since, as用法相似,语气较because弱,所说的是一种附带性原因,as引导的从句常常置于主句前面,since表示的原因常是稍加分析后得出的结论。
As the weather was fine, we decide to climb the mountain. 由于
Since everybody is here, let’s begin our discussion. 既然
Since it is late, I shall go home now.
As he was not well, I decided to go without him.
He didn’t come, since he was busy. 他因为忙,所以就没有来。
Since everyone is here, let’s have the meeting. 既然大家都到了,咱们就开会。
As he studies hard, he has made great progress. 由于他学习努力,所以进步很大。
3. for 说明推测性的、间接的原因,这个原因也可能是上下文未交待的,或者是对主句中的事实或看法作逻辑推理或解释。等立连词for引导的并列分句也可表示原因,两个并列分句一个表示原因,另一个表示结果,类似since, as, 语气也不强,只是对前面的事实进行说明解释。
Something fell in, for I heard a splash.
The whole nation was plunged into deep sorrow at this news, for the people had come to love him as an inspiring leader and a wise warm-hearted man.
Gui lin is famous for its scenery. 桂林以风景优美而著名。
It’ll rain, for the swallow flies very low. 天要下雨了,因为燕子飞得很低。
注:从属连词because/ as /since /和并列连词for区别:
I did it because they asked me to do it. 我做了这件事是因为他们请我做的。
As it was raining ,you’d better take a taxi .天在下雨,你最好乘出租车去。
Since we have no money ,we can’t buy it. 我们没有钱,所以我们没法买。
I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her .我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有点事要告诉她。 解析:1. 这四词语气逐级递减。2.because 表示直接的原因或理由,重点在从句,常译为“因为”;since 表示对方已知,无需说明的既成事实,中心句在主句,常译为“既然”;as 表示明显的原因,重点在主句,常译为“由于” ;for 是个并列连词,只能放在另一 个并列句后面,表示一种推理或解释,或用作附加说明,并不指理由或原因,一般不放在句首,常译为“因为”,“其理由是”(for 表示因果关系时可以同because 交替使用,但for 前须用逗号,而because 则不必。
4. now (that) 既然,由于that常省略
Now I am a teacher, I think otherwise. 既然我当了老师,想法就不同了。
Now (that) you mention it, I do remember. 你这一提,我就记起来了。
5. that可引状语从句,表原因或理由。在某些带有感情色彩的形容词和过去分词后可用连词that 来引导表示原因的状语从句。that 在口语中常常省略,这样的词有:sorry, afraid, thankful, pleased, pround, disappointed, glad,surprised. ashamed,satisfied等。
We were surprised that he came. 我们因为他的到来而感到惊奇。
We are glad that we have reaped another bumper harvest. 我们都感到高兴,因为又获得了丰收。
His father is disappointed (that)he has not passed the exam. 这次他没考过关,他爸爸很失望。
I am surprised (that) he told a lie. 他撒了谎,我感到惊奇。
You should be thankful (that)you have caught the train. 你应该为你赶上火车而感到庆幸。
6. seeing that, considering that, in that 既然,考虑到
Seeing that he refused to help us, there is no reason why we should now help him.
他既然曾经拒绝帮助我们,我们现在没有理由要来帮助他。
Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job. 考虑到他们是初学者,他们算是干得不错了
Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to correct our mistakes.
批评与自我批评是必要的,因为它能帮助我们改正错误。
7. when 表示原因,在意义上相当于since, considering that 既然
How could you, when you knew that this might damage the apparatus?
既然你知道这样会损坏仪器,你怎么能这样做呢?
How can he succeed when he won’t work? 既然他不愿工作,那他怎么会成功呢?
8. if 用于虚拟句时表示含蓄的原因
If it had not been for your help, we would not have succeeded.
I would have been at rest if it hadn’t been for you.
9. but 用作连词,如其前面的分句用的是虚拟语气,而其后的分句用的是陈述语气,则此时的but除表示转折外,还表示原因。
I would have attended the meeting yesterday, but I was ill.
We could have stayed in the city two days, but there just wasn’t enough time.
10. and 连接并列谓语或并列成分,有时表示因果关系
She was sick and took some medicine.她病了,所以服药。
But the family was poor and the boy couldn’t go to school.但家里穷,所以这孩子上不了学。
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