Foundations of Genetics

1.       Early Theories of Inheritance

Early ideas of inheritance included Hippocrates’ theory of pangenesis and August Weismann’s germ plasm theory. Based on experiments with mice, Weismann proposed that hereditary information in gametes transmitted traits to progeny. Both of these early views incorporated the blending theroy: they held that heritable traits of the two parents blend, so that the distinct characteristics of each are lost in offsping.

早期遗传学理论

早期的遗传理论包括Hippocrates的泛生论和August Weismann的种质学说。根据这些用老鼠做的实验，Weismann提出是配子中的遗传信息将特性传递给了子代。这两种早期的观点包括混合理论：他们认为亲本可以混合可遗传的特性，因此每个亲本独有的特征在子代中就消失了。

2.       Gregor Mendel and the Birth of Genetics

Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian monk in the monastery at Brunn, Austr

Photosynthesis

Photosynthsis occurs only in the chlorophyll-containing cells of green plants, algae, and certain protists and bacteria. Overall , it is a process that converts light energy into chemical energy that is strored in the form of molecular bonds. Form the point of view of chemistry and energetics, it is the opposite of cellular respiration. Whereas cellular respiration is highly exergonic and releases energy, photosynthesis requires energy and is highly endergonic.

光合作用只发生在包含叶绿素的植物细胞，藻类，某些原生动物和细菌内。总的来说，它是一个将光能转化成化学能的过程，化学能以分子键的形式存储。从化学和能量学的观点来看，它与细胞呼吸作用相反。但是细胞呼吸作用高放能并释放能量，光合作用高吸能并需要能量。

Photosynthysis starts with CO2 and H2O as raw materials and proceeds through two sets of partial reactions. In the first set, called the light-dependendt reactions, water molecules are split (oxidized), O2 is released ,and ATP