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剖析英语思维的培养---From Chinglish to English(转)

(2011-04-27 10:26:03)
标签:

英美

楷体

汉语

两种语言

思维

分类: 英文篇

剖析英语思维的培养---From Chinglish to English

  摘要:如何摆脱汉式英语,一直是一个困扰英语学习者的问题。本文从不同角度对汉式英语进行具体、深刻的剖析,其目的是使英语学习者从中能够有所感悟,逐渐摆脱汉语的束缚,走上英语思维的光

一.引言

 

    由于文化不同,所以英汉两种语言在构成和使用等方面都存在着很大差异。要想能够讲一口地道、符合英美习惯的英语的却不是一件易事。但是,作为一个英语学习者,我们要朝着这个方向努力,努力培养自己的英语思维能力,按照英语本族语人讲英语的习惯去讲英语,只有这样我们才能够在英语方面有所突破。下面我就从几个不同的角度来分析英汉两种语言的差异,旨在抛砖引玉,使英语学习者从中能够有所感悟。(由于国人英语水平的不断提高,所以对于英汉两种语言中有所差异的日常用语如问候、打电话、隐私、赞扬等等在此就不再赘述。)

  

二.英汉两种语言的差异

 

1.成语

 

    英汉两种语言在成语上存在着很大差异,所以在使用成语时,无论中译英,还是英译中,我们都不能想当然的翻译,否则一定会闹笑话。举几个例子吧,我们说某个人“挥金如土” ,按照我们的汉语直译应为 spend money like soil”,但是事实上,英美人的说法却是 spend money like water”;又如“大海捞针”要译成 look for a needle in the hay 而不是 look for a needle in the sea”;“胆小如鼠”要译成 as timid as a hare”,而不是 as timid as a mouse”;“害群之马”要说 a black sheep”,不能说 a black horse”;“眼中钉” 要说 a thorn in someones flesh, 不能说 a thorn in someones eye”;“对牛弹琴”要说 cast the pearls before swine”, 而不是 cast the pearls before oxen”。

 

 

    另外值得注意的是,很多中文里的成语翻译成英语很难一一对应,只能是意译(即表达出正确意思而不太注重语言形式)。例如,“梁上君子”,翻译成thief;“上天无路,入地无门”,翻译成be driven into a corner;“情人眼里出西施”,译成love is blind;“插翅难飞”翻译成 unable to escape;“不识一丁”译成completely illiterate;“鞭长莫及”译成too far away for one to be able to help;“暗送秋波”译成make eyes at somebody;“胡说八道”,译成 shoot from the hip”;“乱七八糟” 译成 at sixes and sevens”;“兴高采烈”翻译成 in high spirits”。总之,很多成语英汉是有很大差异的。所以在碰到成语的翻译时,我们一定要按照英语的习惯去思维,而不能按照汉语去逐字翻译。请看下面英语成语的译法:

 

充耳不闻turn a deaf ear to    

班门弄斧teach ones grandmother how to suck eggs.

本末倒置 put the cart before the horse

覆水难受 There is no use crying over spilt milk  

瓮中之鳖 like a rat in a hole

胸有成竹 have a card up ones sleeve

指鹿为马 call white black

骑虎难下 have a wolf by the ears  

破釜沉舟 burn ones bridge

画蛇添足 gild the lily

过河拆桥 kick down the ladder

如鱼得水 Like a duck to water

一贫如洗poor as a church mouse    

装腔作势 put on airs .

沧海一粟 a drop in the bucket

 

2.习惯用语

 

    要想能够讲好英语,还要熟悉英语大量的习惯表达。有些英语的习惯表达法和汉语有很大差异,如果光从字面来理解,有时会闹出很大笑话。举个例子吧:有一次,一个英语导游领着一些美国人游览,有位女士想上厕所,她认为使用toiletbathroom 等很直截了当的词十分不雅,便委婉的说,“Excuse me, sir, where can I wash my hands? ,这位导游照字面意思理解,以为这位女士只是想洗手,便不加思索的回答说,“Oh, you can wash your hands anywhere。”(哪儿都行。)可想而知这位女士一定是哭笑不得! 请看下面这些句子的译法:

 

艾莉森昨天失约了。

Alison stood me up yesterday.

 

你以为我幼稚可欺吗?

Do you see green in my eyes?

 

别让我失望。

Don’t let me down.

 

不要泄露秘密。

Don’t let the cat out of the bag.

 

不要杞人忧天。

Don’t meet trouble halfway.

 

他狼吞虎咽。

He ate like a horse.

 

他喜欢吃甜食。

He has a sweet tooth.

 

他急得像热锅上的蚂蚁。

He looked like a cat on hot bricks.

 

他是个书呆子。

He is a bookworm.

 

他年轻缺乏经验。

He is wet behind the ears.

 

听到我的名字,他火冒三丈。

He saw red when he heard my name.

 

她被蒙在鼓里。

He was kept in the dark..

 

他的话使我勃然大怒。

His words made my blood boil.

 

我感到非常紧张。

I get butterflies in my stomach.            

 

我想他是猫哭老鼠假慈悲。

I think he was shedding crocodile tears.  

 

杀鸡焉用牛刀。

It’s not necessary to use a steam hammer to crack nuts

 

新房就像雨后春笋一样拔地而起。

New houses have sprung up like mushrooms .

 

她饭量很小。

She eats like a bird.

 

她怀孕了。

She is in the family way.

 

She is expecting.

 

别耍我了。

Stop pulling my leg. 

 

那个人正处在热恋之中。

That man has lost his heart.

 

那个花瓶是个累赘。

That vase is a white elephant.

 

汤姆是个没头脑的人。

Tom is dead above the ears.

 

你真是太过分了。

You’ve gone too far.

 

你太太真是美若天仙。

Your wife is really out of this world.

 

3.有灵主语与无灵主语

 

    英语和汉语还有一个很大的区别就是英语多用“无灵主语”,注重“什么事发生在什么人身上”;而汉语则多用“有灵主语”,注重“什么人发生了什么事”。我们来比较下面几组中英文的句子:

 

我突然想到可以用计算机来做这项工作。

It suddenly occurred to me that I could use the computer to do the work.

 

我心中忽然产生一个念头。

An idea suddenly struck me.

 

他一想到回家,心里就激动。

The thought of returning home filled him with excitement.

 

昨天晚上大卫发生了什么事?

What happened to David last night?

 

他说了一些脏话。

A stream of four-letter words came from his lips.

 

我们乘长途汽车到了牛津。

A coach took us to Oxford.

 

我读不了这本英文小说,因为生词太多。

With too many new words in it, the English novel is beyond me.

 

我对你的书很失望。

Your book disappointed me.

 

我对她的无礼很恼怒。

Her bad manners annoyed me

 

你怎么到这儿来了?

What has brought you here?

 

4   主动与被动

 

    英语多被动结构;而汉语则常用主动结构。英语的主动句大多可转换成被动句,而汉语则大多不能转换。因此,无论是口语还是在书面语,中译英时,我们可以多使用一些被动语态;但是在英译中时,我们则将被动语态转化为主动结构,采取灵活的方式来翻译。下面我给出一些句子,你来比较一下:

 

在北京很多学校都开设了英语。

English is taught in most schools in Beijing.

 

这本书是我父亲写的。

The book was written by my father.

 

美国人说英语。

English is spoken in America.

 

下雨拖延了仪式。

The ceremony was delayed by the heavy rain.

 

在这个问题上, 意见有分歧。

Opinions are divided about the matter.

 

我爱安,安也爱我。

I love Ann and is loved by her.

 

5 静态与动态

 

英语多用静态词:名词、介词、形容词和副词;而汉语多用动词。比较下面的例句:

 

我太太出去了。

My wife is out.

 

职工强烈反对这项计划。

The staff members are strongly against the plan.

 

分析那个指纹使我们确信她就是真正的凶手。

Analysis of the fingerprint left us in no doubt that he was the real murderer.

 

医生及时到达挽救个那个病人的生命。

The quick arrival of the doctor saved the patient’s life.

 

我得走了。

I must be off now.

 

她很快就到。

She will be round soon.

 

你什么时候回来?

When will you be back?

 

他要离开一个月。

He will be away for a month.

 

我实在无法理解为什么她会嫁给这样一个烟鬼。

It's quite beyond me why she married such a heavy smoker.

 

这个问题正在讨论之中。

The problem is under discussion.

 

我们都拥护她。

We are all for her.

 

彼得确实不胜任那项工作。

Peter isn’t really up to that job.

 

离婚率下降了。

The divorce rate is down.

 

6.替代与重复

 

    英语多用代称,避免重复;而汉语多用实称,较常重复。所以在英译汉时,有些代词可以不译,而在汉译英时则要加上这些代词,特别是物主代词,反身代词。请比较下面的句子:

 

这所大学比那所大学有名。

This university is more famous than that one.

 

他学英语不像我学英语那样努力。

He doesn’t learn English as hard as I do.

 

她扑倒在地,屏住呼吸。

She threw herself on the ground and held her breath.

 

那个小孩儿躲在了树后。

The child hid himself behind the tree.

 

他失职。

He failed in his duty.

不要滥用特权。

Don’t abuse your privilege.

 

你不愿意伤害她,我也不愿意伤害她。

You don’t want to hurt her, and neither do I.

 

她的语音比我的语音好。

His pronunciation is better than mine.

 

7   汉式英语解剖

 

汉式英语,是指中国人在学习和使用英语时,受母语和文化背景的影响,下意识地把汉语的语言规则直接运用到英语中,而说出或写出不符合英语习惯的英语。下面我们就拿一些常见的汉式英语开刀,意在给你提个醒,让你有意识地逐步摆脱汉式英语的困扰。

 

1. 汉译英时的陷阱(C—汉式英语 E---地道英语)

 

那条项链的价格是最贵的。

C. The price of that necklace is the most expensive.

 

E. The price of that necklace is the highest.

 

花展从200455日开始。

C. The flower show began from May 5, 2004.

 

E. The flower show began on May 5, 2004.

 

你觉得这个电影怎么样?

C. How do you think of the film?

 

E. What do you think of the film?

 

他的工作很忙。

C. His work is very busy.

 

E. He is very busy with his work.

 

我几乎不会说英语。

C. I almost can’t speak English.

 

E. I can hardly speak English.

 

她英语学习很努力。

C. She studies English hard.

 

E. She works hard at English.

 

还是以后再说吧。

C. We’d better do it later.

 

E. Well, maybe some other time.

 

那并不能说明她是爱你的。

C. It doesn’t prove that she loves you.

 

E. It doesn’t follow that she loves you.

 

他听从了他朋友的忠告。

C. He listened to his friend’s advice.

 

E. He followed his friend’s advice

 

欢迎你到北京来。

C. Welcome you to come to Beijing.

 

E. You are welcome to come to Beijing.

 

那部电影使我感到很失望.                     

 

C. The film made me feel disappointed.

 

E. The film disappointed me.

 

这张照片使我想起了我的童年。

C. The picture made me think of my childhood.

 

E. The picture reminded me of my childhood.

 

泰坦尼克号撞到冰山上下沉了。

C. The Titanic hit an iceberg and sank down.

 

E. The Titanic hit an iceberg and sank.

 

艾莉森和马克结婚了。

C. Alison married with Mark.

 

E. Alison married Mark.

 

他打算和他的妻子离婚。

C. He is going to divorce with his wife.

 

E. He is going to divorce his wife.

 

请坐。

C. Sit down, please.

 

E. Please have a seat.

 

他打了我的脸。

C. He hit my face.

 

E. He hit me in the face.

 

让我们为你的健康干杯!

C. Let’s drink for your health!

 

E. Let’s drink to your health!

 

我正在读书。

C: I’m reading books.

 

E: I’m reading.

 

让我最担忧的是你的健康。

C: What makes me worry most is your health.

 

E: What worries me most is your health. 

 

8   英译汉时的陷阱 (WWrong R---Right)

 

He ate his words.

W. 他食言了

 

R 他承认自己说错了。

 

Alice is looking hot tonight.

 

W. 爱丽斯今晚看上去很热。

 

R. 爱丽斯今晚看上去很性感。

 

I’m afraid that he has cooked the books.

W. 恐怕他已经把书给煮了。

 

R. 恐怕他已经在账本上做了手脚。

 

I’m really in the soup this time.

W. 这次我真的掉在汤里了。

 

R. 这次我真的陷入了困境。

 

She is on the needle again.

W. 他又打针了。

 

R. 他又吸毒了。

 

Helen showed him the door.

W. 海伦把他送到了门口。

 

R. 海伦把他赶了出去。

 

She’s got a big mouth.

W. 她有一张大嘴。

 

R. 她话多,嘴不严。

 

Break it up, or I’ll call the police.

W. 把他打碎,否则我就叫警察。

 

R. 别打了,否则我就叫警察。

 

Don’t be a chicken!

W. 别做一支鸡!

 

R. 别做胆小鬼!

 

He is tired of working for peanuts.

W. 他厌倦了为花生工作。

 

R. 他厌倦了为一点点钱而工作。

 

When did he kick the bucket?

W. 他什么时候踢的桶。

 

R. 他什么时候死的?

 

My son is as good as gold.

W. 我的像黄金那样好。

 

R. 我的儿子很乖。

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