翻译中的省略

我认为“翻译“，是用一种语言把另一种语言的意义、意境和思想准确而完整地表达出来，是对原文忠诚的再创造，达到“忠实，通顺”的标准。

英汉语言在语法习惯，文化背景之间存在着很大的差异，因此，在一种语言中存在的词汇在另一种里可能就会不符合语言习惯或成为累赘，如果一字不落的翻译过来很容易造成语句不通、废话连篇的结果，为了符合语言习惯并行文简洁，往往根据需要省略某些词语不译，这种翻译法被成为“省略法”。在英语和汉语的翻译中，一般来说，英语多省略，汉语多补充。其主要原因是英语十分注重句子的结构，同时又喜欢使用省略。英语中省略的类型很多，有代词的省略，冠词的省略，连接词的省略，前置词和it的省略。或者水果，省略的有动词、名词，句法上的省略，也有情景方面的省略。在并列的结构中，与往往省略前面已经出现过的词语，而汉语则往往重复这些省略了的词。与增补法相反。省略法是对原文中的某些词语省略而不翻译。这是出于译语行文而采用的一种翻译技巧。英语和汉语两种语言杂表达方式上存在着很大差异。为使疑问通顺畅达，有时不得不省略一些词语。早英语中有些词语是必不可少的，但翻译成汉语就未必如此。在汉语译文中不需要的词语就该省略，以保证行文的见解，流畅，自然。

审订了译法可大致分为两类：1，句法省略2，修辞法省略。

句法省略

汉语没有冠词，代词（尤其是人称代词，关系代词），连词，介词，关系副词等用得也远比英语少。上述词类汉译时往往省略，以达到言简意赅的效果。英语中的系动词在汉译时也常常省略不译。

1省略冠词

通常有一些冠词没有必要的话是不翻译的

例如：

When I got to the wharf , the steamer had already started.

译文；当我到码头的时候，轮船已经开了

A boy is a boy

译文：孩子总是孩子

Milk is sold by the pound.

译文：牛奶是按磅计价的

A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.

 译文；外国语社人生斗争的工具。

A book is usefull

.译文：书是有益的。

Any home appliances must be handled with care whether it is a TV set ,a VCR or a microwave oven.

译文：所有家电，不论是电视机、盒式录象机还是微波炉，都要轻拿轻放。

James Watt invented the stream engine

.译文：詹姆斯瓦特发明了蒸汽机。

It took him a long time to reach the bottom and crouch behind a little dwarf palm.

译文：他费了很长时间才从山上爬下来，蹲在一棵矮小棕榈树的后面

但当“a”或“an”有“一个”的意思，“that”或“this”有“这个”或“那个”意思时，这些词都不能省略。

例如:My students do translation exercises once a week in translation.

译文：我的学生每星期做一次翻译练习

He’ll finish it in an hour or two.

译文：他一两个小时就可以完成它。

How do you like the film?

译文：你认为那个电影怎么样？

The book I bought last week deals with English idioms.

 译文；我上周买的那本书是关于英语习语的

I saw a boy and a girl on my way home .The boy had a book and the girl had a doll.

译文：我在回家的路上看到一男孩和一女孩。男孩拿着一本书，女孩捧着一个洋娃娃

2省略连接词

汉语中的连词不如英语用得多，其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的，由语序加以体现。因此，汉译时，有许多连词是可以省略的。

例如：If winter comes ,can spring be far behind?

译文；冬天来了，春天还远吗？

I can finish the work so long as you five me time.

译文：给我时间，我就能完成这项任务。

He will do it even if he gets scolded.

译文：挨骂他也要做。

His telescope and his experiments were always bringing him new surprises ,and he made notes of his work every day.

译文；他的望远镜和实验总是给他带来惊奇的新发现，他每天都把这种情况记录下来

He studied in the college for two years ,and then he went to join the army.

译文：他在大学念过两年书，后来就去参军了。

There must be some people in the room , for I heard a voice

.译文；我听见有声音，屋里有人。

Modesty helps a person to make progress whereas conceit makes a person lag behind.

译文：虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。

As the temperature increases, the volume of the water becomes greater.

译文：温度升高，水的体积增大。

“Now ,if we put this sofa against the wall and move everything out of the room except the chairs ,don’t you think it all right?”

译文：“你们看，将这个沙发贴墙放，把屋子的东西都搬出去，单留下椅子，怎么样？”

3省略介词或前置词

例如：Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.

译文；仓库重地，不许抽烟。

Many new factories have been set up since liberation in their home town.

译文：解放以来，他们的故乡建立了许多新的工厂

On Sunday we have no school.

译文：星期天我们不上课。

Trees grow along both banks of the canal.:

译文：运河的两岸都长着树木。

With the weather so stuffy .the to one it’ll rain presently.

译文：天这么闷，十有八九要下雨。

I should like to make a brief statement regarding some of the considerations leading to our affirmative vote

译文；我想简单谈一谈我们投票赞成的理由。

The comrades have made a great deal of progress in pronunciation.

译文；同学们的语音有很大的进步。

4省略代词

在原文中作主语的人称代词在汉译时将其省略，是因为汉语里某些句子可以没有主语，省略了主语并不影响语意的完整。省略作宾语的人称代词汉译时将其省略，是因为在上文中已经提到，若在下文中再重复就显得罗嗦。英语中使用人称代词和物主代词往往是语法上的需要，汉语则不同，如果在汉译时处处体现这些代词，就会感觉别扭，所以，要尽可能将其省略，使之符合汉语的表达习惯。

A省略做主语的人称代词

Like his friend he had many wonderful ideas ,but he only put a few into practice

.译文：他像他的朋友一样，虽然头脑里有许多美妙的想法，却只有少数付诸实践。

We can measure the amount of water in a pot ,but we can’t measure its heat .We haven’t an instrument for that.

译文：我们能测量罐内的水量，但不能测量水的热度，我们还没有这种仪器。

The Grand Dukes always liked new ideas ,and later they were good friends of Galileo.

译文；几任大公毫无例外地都喜欢新思想，后来都成了伽利略的好朋友。

B省略泛指人称代词

We have 366 days in the leap year.译文；闰年有365天。

One must make painstaking effort before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.

译文：要掌握一门外国语，非下苦工夫不可。

If your TV set does not work properly , you’d better not have it fixed. Just buy a new one

.译文：要是电视机坏了，最好别修，去买新的。

C省略作宾语的代词

I’ve received your letter and read it with delight.

译文；我收到你的信，愉快地读里。

You must excuse me , I shall not speak of the matter again.

译文：请你原谅，我以后不再提这事了。

If you have read these stories ,tell them in your own words.

译文：如果你读过这些故事，用你自己的话讲出来。

In fact he showed quite clearly that the Copernican ideas were correct .But he did not say openly that he accepted them.

译文：事实上，他相当清楚地表明，哥白尼的学说是正确的；只是他没有公开地宣布接受。

D省略物主代词

He put up his hand in a salute.

译文：他举手致意。

In my childhood I learned a great deal about Russia.

译文：在儿童时代，我就听国许多关于俄国的事情

He sat, cursing himself, still his tea was stewed

.译文：他坐咒骂自己，直到把茶煮浓了。

Her dark hair waved untidy across her broad forehead ,her face was short ,her upper lip short ,showing a glint of teeth, her brows were straight and dark ,her lashes long and dark ,her nose straight.

译文；她的黑发蓬蓬松松地飘拂在宽阔的前额上，脸是短短的，上唇也是短短的，露处一排闪亮的牙齿，眉毛又直又黑，睫毛又长又黑，鼻子笔直。

省略it

非人称it

There is an anthletic show at the gymnasium tonight .It starts at 7.

译文：今晚体育馆有表演，7点开始

Who is knocking at the door?----It’s me

译文：谁在敲门？---是我

It is a night’s journey to the place by train

.译文：到那里坐火车要一夜

It was late autumn.

译文；这是深秋季节

作形式主语的it

It seems incredible that he should have finish the work so soon.

译文：他工作完成得这么快，真让人难以相信。

It is our duty to attend to this matter.

译文；处理这件事是我们的责任。

It’s the wind shaking the window.

译文：是风刮得窗户响

作形式主语的it

Don’t you thing it necessary to learn translate it in this way?

译文：难道不觉得这样译好些吗？

He believe it necessary to learn some rules before doing it .

译文：他认为有必要先掌握一些规则，然后再干。

强调句中的it

It is Tom that should blamed.

译文：她怪的是汤姆。

It was only yesterday that I leanded of it

译文：我只是在昨天才听说这件事。

省略关系副词

The day when he was born remains unknown.

译文：他出生的日期仍然不知。

Let’s think of a situation where this idiom can be used.

译文：我们来想一个可以使用这个习语的场合.

That’s the reason why I did it.

译文：这就是我这样做的原因。

省略动词

省略系动词

This building is very beautiful.

译文：这栋楼房很漂亮。

I am in my office from three to six this afternoon.

译文：我今天下午三到六点在办公室。

He was sixty-eight .In two years he would be seventy.

译文：他68岁，再过两年就70了。

I won’t be free tomorrow.

译文：我明天没空。

You don’t look well today

译文：你今天气色不好。

Her face is pale and her hands are cold

.译文：她面色苍白，手冰凉。

省略其他动词

I have a dad headache.

译文；我头痛得厉害。

I feel a sharp pain in my chest

.译文：我胸口疼得厉害。

Eight o’clock found Tom up and dressed.

译文：八点钟，汤姆起床穿衣

The year of 1949 saw the founding of the People’s Republic of China.

译文：1949年，中华人民共和国成立。

修辞性省略

修辞性省略是从译文的修辞角度考虑，省略英文中的某些词语。这些词语的含义在译文中虽无其字但已有其意。如果不将其省略，就可能造成译文语义的重复或累赘。

省略不言而喻的词

85% of people polled recently had not a clue what is meant, although 53% of those polled said that they thought it sounded pretty important.

译文：参加最近民意调查的人中有百分之八十五对此一无所知。虽然有百分之五十三的人说他们觉得这东西听起来相当重要。

Even though assaults on the planet’s ecosystem started a long time ago, the period of greatest destruction to the earth began after 1945.

译文：即使对地球生态系统的冲击在很久以前就开始了。但最严重的破坏还应该说是在1945年以后。

省略原文结构上或语气上需要而汉语并不需要的词语。

Could you help me in any way ?

译文：你能帮帮我吗？

She came to the dining-room window and then cautiously looked in.

译文：她来到餐厅窗前，小心翼翼地向里观看。

Excuse me ,but which is the way to the station ?

译文：对不起，请问往火车站怎么走

Everyone knows that life there was rather difficult.

译文：谁都知道那里很艰苦。

We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration.

译文：要顾全大局。

省略重复的词

英语中有些同义词往往连用，或表示强调，或对前面的词提供解释，汉译时，为了避免重复，译出其中的一个即可。

He is man of learned and culture.

译文：他是个很有学问的人。

We must reach our goals and aims.

译文；我们必须达到目的。

She stood there calm and quite , waiting for their decision.

译文：她静坐在那里，等候他们的决定。

从以上论述中不难看出，省略译法并不是任意省略。删减。原句中某些词语如果不删减，译文必定不够简洁，或累赘不堪，甚至影响整体意思的表达。采用省略译法不仅使译文读起来流畅，自然，而且突出了原文的整体意思。应该注意的是，与增补法相比，简省的情况要少得多，所以省略法要慎用。与增补译法一样，省略法也不可胡乱使用，随心所欲地想删就删。采用省略法必须以不损害原文的内容为前提，要保证在译文中虽无其词但必须有起意。这样的省略我认为啊不仅是可行的，而且是必须的。