locutionary act,言内行为 illocutionary act言外行为，perlocutionary act言后行为

locutionary act: is the saying of something which is meaningful and can be understood.言内行为是指语句有意义且能为人们所理解。/ is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. 言内行为就是发出词、短语、从句的动作。它是通过句法、词汇和音位学的方式来传达字面意义的行为。

Illocutionary act: is using a sentence to perform a function.借句子执行一个功能。/ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. 言外行为是表达言者的意图的行为，是在说话的过程中执行的动作。

Perlocutionary act: is the results or effects that are produced by means of saying something. 言后行为是通过说话而产生的结果或影响。/is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of , or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.言后行为是由说某事或因为说某事而执行的动作； 它是由话语所引起的后果或变化； 是由说某事而执行的动作。

For example: Shoot the wolf.

1. Shoot , the，wolf字面意义-----言内行为locutionary act

如果听者理解shoot, the, wolf这三个词，并且知道所指的具体的狼，那么它就是言内行为

2. shoot the wolf，如果可以用做一个命令或劝告-----言外行为illocutionary act

3. 开了枪------言后行为perlocutionary act

  Searle’s classification of speech acts 言语行为的分类

The philosopher Searle established a five- part classification of Speech Acts 哲学家

1.      Representative: a speech act which describes states or events in the world, such as an assertion, a claim, a report. For example, the assertion, a claim, a report. 描述性功能：指描述世界上的状况或时间的言语行为，如断言、主张、报告等。

This is a German car. 这是一辆德国汽车。

2.      Directive: a speech act that has the function of getting the listener to do something, such as suggestion, a request, or a command. 指示性功能：指具有使对方做某事的功能的言语行为，如建议，请求，或命令。

Please sit down.

Why don’t you close the window?

3.      Commissives: a speech act that commits the speaker to doing something in the future, such as a promise or a threat. 承担性言语功能：指说话人表示将要干什么，如许诺、恐吓等。

If you do not stop fighting I’ll call the police. (threat)

I’ll take you to the movies tomorrow. (promise)

4.      Expressives: a speech act in which the speaker expresses feelings and attitudes about something, such as an apology, a complaint, to thank someone, to congratulate someone.表达性功能：指说话人表达自己对某事的情感和态度，如道歉、抱怨、致谢、祝贺等。

The meal was delicious.

5.      Declarative: a speech act which changes the state of affairs in the world. For example, during the wedding ceremony the act of marriage is performed when the phrase “I now pronounce you man and wife” is uttered.宣告性功能：指能改变世界上某种事态的言语行为。例如，结婚典礼上说了“我现在宣布你们是夫妻之后结婚就完成。