1.3.2.4  Hyponymy下义关系

Hyponymy: refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.下义关系是只一个更广义、更具有包容性的词与一个更具体的词之间的意义关系。

Superordinate: 上坐标词the word which is more general in meaning.意义更广泛的词叫上坐标词。

Hyponyms:下义词the specific words更为具体的词

Co-hyponyms 并列下义词hyponyms of the same superordinate.同一个上坐标词的几个下义词之间互为并列下义词 

1.3.2.2  Antonymy 反义现象

Antonymy: refers to the oppositeness of meaning

i.                     Gradable antonyms 级差反义词

Some antonyms are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. So it is a matter of degree.有些反义词存在级差，是因为在对词的两个词之间往往具有中间形式。Cold—cool---warm---hot

ii.                   Complementary antonyms 互补反义词

A pair of complementary antonyms is characterized by the feature that the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other.一对互补相反词具有否定该对中的一个词就意味着对另一个肯定的特征。

i.                     relational opposites 关系反义词

Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called relational opposites.显示两个词项之间的关系颠倒的成对词被成为关系反义词。Buy, sell

1.1  Sense relations between sentences 句子之间的意义关系

句子之间和词汇一样也存在某种关系：

1.      X is synonymous with Y ：X和Y同义

2.      X is inconsistent with Y ：X 和Y不一致

3.      X entails Y ( Y is an entailment of X) ：X蕴涵了Y (Y是X的一个含义)

Eg. He has been to France----------He has been to Europe.

4.      X presupposes Y. ( Y is a prerequisite of X) ：X预设Y （Y是X的先决条件）

Eg. John’ bike needs repairing.-----John has a bike.

5.      X is a contradiction：X是一个矛盾

X is semantically anomalous：X 语义破格 （荒谬）