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Cambridge2T1P2<Changing our Understanding of Health>
(2006-12-22 16:06:19)| 分类： E文时时耕 |
A
1.The concept of health holds different meanings of different people and groups.
不同的人和群体对健康持有不同的概念。
2.These meanings of health have also changed over time.
随着时间的流逝，这些健康概念也改变了。
3.This change is no more evident than in Western society today,when notions of health and health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways.
当健康概念和健康促进在新方法上被挑战和延伸时，这种改变在现今的西方社会中更突出。
B
4.For much of recent Western history,health has viewed in the physical sense only.
对于许多西方近代历史，健康仅仅被认为是身体感觉而已。
5.That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine.
也就是说，良好的身体状况就和身体机械运转流畅联系起来，生病的身体就被归结于这部机器的故障。
6.Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms.
这种认识之上的健康被定义成是否有疾病并被看作在医学范畴内。
7.According to this view,creating health for people means providing medical care to treat or prevent disease and illness.
根据这种观点，为人们制造健康就意味着提供医疗护理去治疗或预防疾病。
8.During this period, there was an emphasis on providing clean water,improved sanitation and housing.
在这个时期中，重点被强调的是提供干净的水，改善卫生设施和住房情况。
C
9.In the late 1940s the World Health Organisation challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health.
在19世纪40年代，世界健康组织质疑这个对于健康的身体和医学导向的观点。
10.They stated that 'health is a complete state of physical,mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease'(WHO,1946).
他们声明：‘健康是一个完整的状态，包括身体，精神和社会而不仅仅是是否生病。’((联合国)世界卫生组织,1946)
11.Health and the person were seen more holistically(mind/body/spirit) and not just in physical terms.
健康状况和人被看作一个整体(智力/身体/精神)而不只是在生理的范畴。
D
12.The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasising the importance of the lifestyle and behaviour of the individual.
19世纪70年代是一个时期，通过强调个人生活方式和行为的重要性将焦点集中在预防疾病上。
13.Specific behavious which were seen to increase risk of diease,such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits,were targeted.
有增长疾病的风险的特殊行为，例如吸烟，缺乏锻炼和不健康饮食习惯成为目标。
14.Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviours and lifestyles.
产生了健康的定义提供不仅仅是医学护理，而且还有健康促进和制度可以帮助人们保持健康行为和生活方式。
15.While this individualistic health lifestyle approach to health worked for some (the wealthy members of society),people experiencing poverty,unemployment,underemployment or little control over the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from this approach.
虽然这种个人主义的健康生活方式接近于健康为一些人(社会中的富人)服务，那些经历着贫穷，失业，不充分就业或是很少能控制他们每天生活的条件的人从这种方法中受益很少。
16.This was largrly because both the healthy lifestyle approach and medical approach to health largely ignored the social and environmental conditions affecting the health of people.
这很大程度上由于健康的生活方式的和医疗方式两者对于健康都大大的忽视了社会和环境条件对人的健康的影响。
E
17.During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health.
从19世纪80年代到19世纪90年代，有一个增长的趋势从把生活方式看作一种导致糟糕的健康状况的根源的冒险。
18.While liftstyle factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of social, economic and enviromental contexts in which people live.
虽然生活方式因素依然很重要，但健康也被看做社会，经济，和人类生存环境相关的范畴。
19.This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health.
这洋宽泛的处理健康叫做健康社会生态学。
20.The broad socio-ecological view of health was endorsed at the first International Conference of Health Promotion held in 1986,Ottawa,Canada,where people from 38 countries agreed and declared that:
这个宽泛的健康社会生态学观点被认可于第一次国际性的健康促进大会于 1986 年在加拿大首都渥太华召开，有38个国家同意并公开：
21.The fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace,shelter,education,food,a viable income,a stable eco-system,sustainable resources,social justice and equity.
健康的基本条件和资源是和平、住房、教育、食品、经济收入、稳定的生态环境、可持续的资源、社会的公正与平等。
22.Improvement in health requires a secure foundation in these basic requirements.(WHO,1986)
为改善健康，上述必要条件必须具有坚实的基础。((联合国)世界卫生组织,1946)
23.It is clear from this statement that the creation of health is about much more than encouraging healthy individual behaviours and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care.
从这个声明清楚的知道健康的创造比提供适当的医疗护理更多的是鼓励健康的个人行为和生活方式。
24.Therefore,the creation of health must include addressing issues such as proverty,pollution,urbanisation,natural resource depletion,social alienation and poor working conditions.
因此，健康的创造应该包括选择问题例如贫穷，污染，城市化，自然资源损耗，社会疏远和低下的工作条件。
25.The social,economic and environmental contexts which contribute to creation of health do not operate separately or independently of each other.
社会，经济和环境共同对健康创造起作用，不能分开或独立运行。
26.Rather,they are interacting and interdependent ,and it is the complex interrelationships between them which determine the conditions that promote health.
更贴切的说，它们互相影响并且互相依赖，这是在它们确定健康促进条件的复杂的相互干扰。
27.A broad socio-ecological view of health suggests that the promotion of health must include a strong social,economic and environmental focus.
一个宽泛的社会生态学的健康观点提出健康促进应该包括坚固的社会，经济和环境焦点。
F
28.At the Ottawa Conference in 1986,a charter was developed which outlined new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of health.
在1986年的渥太华会议上，基于健康的社会生态学观点，宪章概述了一个健康促进的新方向。
29.This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion,remains as the backbone of health action today.
这个宪章，就是渥太华健康促进宪章，作为健康的主要部分依旧在今天发挥着作用。
30.In exploring the scope of health promotion it states that:
在探索健康促进的领域它声明：
31.Good health is major resource gor social, economic and personal development and an important dimension of quality of life.
良好的健康是社会、经济和个人发展的主要资源，也是生活质量的重要部分。32.Political,economic,social, cultural, enviromental, bahavioural and biological factors can all of facour health or be harmful to it.(WHO,1986)
政治、经济、社会、文化、环境、行为和生物学因素均可促进健康或损害健康。。((联合国)世界卫生组织,1946)
33.The Ottawa Charter brings practical meaning and action to this broad notion of health promotion.
渥太华宪章带给健康促进宽泛的概念一个实际的意义和作用。
34.It presents fundamental strategies and approaches in achieving health for all.
它展示了在完全达到健康上的一个基本的策略和方法。
35.The overall philosophy of health promotion which guides these fundamental strategies and approaches is one of 'enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health'(WHO,1986).
全面的健康促进哲学体系指导这些基本策略和方法是“是人们增长控制并且取改善他们的健康”的方法之一。。。((联合国)世界卫生组织,1946)
1.The concept of health holds different meanings of different people and groups.
不同的人和群体对健康持有不同的概念。
2.These meanings of health have also changed over time.
随着时间的流逝，这些健康概念也改变了。
3.This change is no more evident than in Western society today,when notions of health and health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways.
当健康概念和健康促进在新方法上被挑战和延伸时，这种改变在现今的西方社会中更突出。
B
4.For much of recent Western history,health has viewed in the physical sense only.
对于许多西方近代历史，健康仅仅被认为是身体感觉而已。
5.That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine.
也就是说，良好的身体状况就和身体机械运转流畅联系起来，生病的身体就被归结于这部机器的故障。
6.Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms.
这种认识之上的健康被定义成是否有疾病并被看作在医学范畴内。
7.According to this view,creating health for people means providing medical care to treat or prevent disease and illness.
根据这种观点，为人们制造健康就意味着提供医疗护理去治疗或预防疾病。
8.During this period, there was an emphasis on providing clean water,improved sanitation and housing.
在这个时期中，重点被强调的是提供干净的水，改善卫生设施和住房情况。
C
9.In the late 1940s the World Health Organisation challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health.
在19世纪40年代，世界健康组织质疑这个对于健康的身体和医学导向的观点。
10.They stated that 'health is a complete state of physical,mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease'(WHO,1946).
他们声明：‘健康是一个完整的状态，包括身体，精神和社会而不仅仅是是否生病。’((联合国)世界卫生组织,1946)
11.Health and the person were seen more holistically(mind/body/spirit) and not just in physical terms.
健康状况和人被看作一个整体(智力/身体/精神)而不只是在生理的范畴。
D
12.The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasising the importance of the lifestyle and behaviour of the individual.
19世纪70年代是一个时期，通过强调个人生活方式和行为的重要性将焦点集中在预防疾病上。
13.Specific behavious which were seen to increase risk of diease,such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits,were targeted.
有增长疾病的风险的特殊行为，例如吸烟，缺乏锻炼和不健康饮食习惯成为目标。
14.Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviours and lifestyles.
产生了健康的定义提供不仅仅是医学护理，而且还有健康促进和制度可以帮助人们保持健康行为和生活方式。
15.While this individualistic health lifestyle approach to health worked for some (the wealthy members of society),people experiencing poverty,unemployment,underemployment or little control over the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from this approach.
虽然这种个人主义的健康生活方式接近于健康为一些人(社会中的富人)服务，那些经历着贫穷，失业，不充分就业或是很少能控制他们每天生活的条件的人从这种方法中受益很少。
16.This was largrly because both the healthy lifestyle approach and medical approach to health largely ignored the social and environmental conditions affecting the health of people.
这很大程度上由于健康的生活方式的和医疗方式两者对于健康都大大的忽视了社会和环境条件对人的健康的影响。
E
17.During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health.
从19世纪80年代到19世纪90年代，有一个增长的趋势从把生活方式看作一种导致糟糕的健康状况的根源的冒险。
18.While liftstyle factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of social, economic and enviromental contexts in which people live.
虽然生活方式因素依然很重要，但健康也被看做社会，经济，和人类生存环境相关的范畴。
19.This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health.
这洋宽泛的处理健康叫做健康社会生态学。
20.The broad socio-ecological view of health was endorsed at the first International Conference of Health Promotion held in 1986,Ottawa,Canada,where people from 38 countries agreed and declared that:
这个宽泛的健康社会生态学观点被认可于第一次国际性的健康促进大会于 1986 年在加拿大首都渥太华召开，有38个国家同意并公开：
21.The fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace,shelter,education,food,a viable income,a stable eco-system,sustainable resources,social justice and equity.
健康的基本条件和资源是和平、住房、教育、食品、经济收入、稳定的生态环境、可持续的资源、社会的公正与平等。
22.Improvement in health requires a secure foundation in these basic requirements.(WHO,1986)
为改善健康，上述必要条件必须具有坚实的基础。((联合国)世界卫生组织,1946)
23.It is clear from this statement that the creation of health is about much more than encouraging healthy individual behaviours and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care.
从这个声明清楚的知道健康的创造比提供适当的医疗护理更多的是鼓励健康的个人行为和生活方式。
24.Therefore,the creation of health must include addressing issues such as proverty,pollution,urbanisation,natural resource depletion,social alienation and poor working conditions.
因此，健康的创造应该包括选择问题例如贫穷，污染，城市化，自然资源损耗，社会疏远和低下的工作条件。
25.The social,economic and environmental contexts which contribute to creation of health do not operate separately or independently of each other.
社会，经济和环境共同对健康创造起作用，不能分开或独立运行。
26.Rather,they are interacting and interdependent ,and it is the complex interrelationships between them which determine the conditions that promote health.
更贴切的说，它们互相影响并且互相依赖，这是在它们确定健康促进条件的复杂的相互干扰。
27.A broad socio-ecological view of health suggests that the promotion of health must include a strong social,economic and environmental focus.
一个宽泛的社会生态学的健康观点提出健康促进应该包括坚固的社会，经济和环境焦点。
F
28.At the Ottawa Conference in 1986,a charter was developed which outlined new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of health.
在1986年的渥太华会议上，基于健康的社会生态学观点，宪章概述了一个健康促进的新方向。
29.This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion,remains as the backbone of health action today.
这个宪章，就是渥太华健康促进宪章，作为健康的主要部分依旧在今天发挥着作用。
30.In exploring the scope of health promotion it states that:
在探索健康促进的领域它声明：
31.Good health is major resource gor social, economic and personal development and an important dimension of quality of life.
良好的健康是社会、经济和个人发展的主要资源，也是生活质量的重要部分。32.Political,economic,social, cultural, enviromental, bahavioural and biological factors can all of facour health or be harmful to it.(WHO,1986)
政治、经济、社会、文化、环境、行为和生物学因素均可促进健康或损害健康。。((联合国)世界卫生组织,1946)
33.The Ottawa Charter brings practical meaning and action to this broad notion of health promotion.
渥太华宪章带给健康促进宽泛的概念一个实际的意义和作用。
34.It presents fundamental strategies and approaches in achieving health for all.
它展示了在完全达到健康上的一个基本的策略和方法。
35.The overall philosophy of health promotion which guides these fundamental strategies and approaches is one of 'enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health'(WHO,1986).
全面的健康促进哲学体系指导这些基本策略和方法是“是人们增长控制并且取改善他们的健康”的方法之一。。。((联合国)世界卫生组织,1946)
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