2565685705_新浪博客

　Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.

　　For expert and execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best form those that are learned.

　　To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar.

　　They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning (pruning) by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in/ by experience.

　　Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.

　　Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.

　　Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.

　　Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.

　　Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.

　　Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse. (Studeis go to make up a man’s character. '?-be-"unt-'stü-dE-"?-"in-'mO-"rAs)

　　Nay there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach ; riding for the head; and the like.

　　So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores. (Hair-splitters sim-mini sek-torr-es) If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.

　读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则非好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。狡黠者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。

　　读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则需咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，味同嚼蜡矣。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，作文使人准确。因此不常作文者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。

　　读书使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，漫步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演算须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖此辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。

狼

原文：

一屠晚归，担中肉尽，止有剩骨。途中两狼，缀行甚远。
屠俱，投以骨。一狼得骨止，一狼仍从。复投之，后狼止而前狼又至。骨已尽矣，而两狼之并驱如故。
屠大窘，恐前后受其敌。顾野有麦场，场主堆薪其中，苫蔽成丘。屠乃奔倚其下，驰担持刀。狼不敢前，眈眈相向。
少时，一狼径去，其一犬坐于前。久之，目似暝，意暇甚。屠暴起，以刀劈狼首，又数刀毙之。方欲行，转视积薪后，一狼洞其中，意将隧入以攻其后也。身已半入，止露尻尾。屠自后断其股，亦毙之。乃悟前狼假寐，盖以诱敌。
狼亦黠矣，而顷刻两毙，禽兽之变诈几何哉？止增笑耳

中文翻译：
一名屠户很晚回家，担中的肉卖完了，只剩下骨头。途中有两只狼，紧跟着走了很远。
屠户很害怕，拿骨头扔给狼。一只狼的到骨头停了下来，一只狼仍然跟从。又拿骨头扔给狼，后得到骨头的狼停了下来，可先得到骨头的狼又跟了上来。骨头已经没了，可两只狼像原来一样一起追赶。
屠户很困窘，恐怕前后受到狼的攻击。往旁边看田野里有打麦场，场主将柴草堆积在打麦场中，覆盖成小山似的。屠户于是奔跑过去，放下担子拿起刀子。狼不敢上前，瞪眼朝着屠户。

一会儿，一只狼径直走开，另一只狼像狗使得蹲坐在前面。过了一会儿，眼睛像闭上了，神情很悠闲。屠户突然跳起，用刀劈狼的头，又连砍几刀将狼杀死。正要走，转过身朝柴草堆后看，一只狼在柴草堆中打洞，想要钻过去从背后对屠户进行攻击。身子已经进去一半了，只有屁股和尾巴露在外面。屠户从后边砍断了狼的大腿，也杀死了它。这才明白前边那只狼假装睡觉，用来诱惑敌人。
狼也太狡猾了，可是一会儿两只狼都被砍死了，禽兽的欺骗手段能有多少啊，只是增加笑料罢了。

English translation:

The other evening, a butcher went home with all the meat sold out and only some bones left in his shoulder pole. Two wolves, tempted by what he had, went after him on his way in some distance.

Being afraid, the butcher got some bones and threw them to the wolves. One of them stopped for it. But the other continued to follow him to demand his own share. His request was satisfied. And the first wolf, after finishing his share, came again and wanted more. At last, the butcher offered all the bones, yet the wolves were not intended to leave him alone. The butcher was extremely anxious, in dread of being attacked front and rear.

Now there was in the field a threshing floor on which stood a heap of wood, covered with dry grass. The butcher therefore ran to it and leaned his body on it. Putting down the shoulder pole and taking out a knife, he was ready to have a fight for his survival. The wolves seemed to be threatened. They stayed in a distance, gazing at him.

Shortly afterward, one of the wolves unexpectedly went away. The other one, however, sat right in front of the butcher with his eyes closed, just like a relaxed dog. Realizing his chance had come, the butcher suddenly jumped toward the wolf and gave a big hack on his head. And he continued to do that for a while to make sure it was perfectly killed. When the butcher was to leave, he got a glimpse of the other wolf digging a hole right behind the heap, intending to attack him rear. Fortunately, the brute only managed to get half of his body in the hole, leaving his bottom and tail outside. So the butcher hacked it into two pieces without any hesitation. Then the scale fell from his eyes: the first wolf he killed had been pretending to sleep in order to distract him.

How much is a brute crafty?A brute is a brute.Even the most deceitful wolves can be defeated within a minute.

杂谈