词法（一）：名词

课前预习

语言是客观世界的反映，中西方文化内涵的差异必然造成中英文词义的差异。现在我们来谈一谈哪些因素可以造成中英文词义的变化。

一、价值取向的差异

语言有一个环境，它不能脱离文化而存在，不能脱离社会继承下来的传统和信念。要真正掌握一种语言，就必须了解这种语言特定的社会背景。如：汉语中的狗常带有令人讨厌，卑鄙等贬义，像“走狗”、“狗奴才”、“狼心狗肺”等，而西方人对狗却情有独钟，把它作为宠物来养，认为dog是人的忠实朋友，表示“忠实”、“友好”、“可爱”等意，以狗来比喻人时是褒义：you lucky dog(你这家伙真幸运);Love me, love my dog.(爱屋及乌)

二、审美取向的差异

不同的民族有着不同的审美观念。看过三毛的《撒哈拉沙漠》的人都知道非洲部落的美女是以“胖”为标准。而我们中国人喜欢苗条、喜欢白。White the skin(增白)对我们来说是一种时尚，而西欧人却把“白”看作一种病态，去海边晒黑，是他们喜欢做的事情。我们中国人对“龙”怀有至高无上的尊重，认 为它是中华民族的象征，有吉祥之意。如：龙飞凤舞，龙凤吉祥，而西方人对“dragon”却没有好感，认为它是一种能喷烟吐水、凶残可怕的怪物，是灾难的象征。在英语中，如果把一个woman叫做dragon，意思则是她很凶狠，令人讨厌。

三、文化象征的差异

在英语中，词与词之间的搭配往往是约定俗成的，不能把母语的搭配套用到英语学习中去。如汉语中的“红茶”在英语中应用 “black tea”，英语中“black coffee”在汉语中则是“浓咖啡”;汉语中的浓茶，在英语中则是 “strong tea”。红眼病在英语中应是 “green eye”。汉语中的“雨后春笋”、“多如牛毛”、“挥金如土”在英语中用 “spring up like mush rooms(蘑菇)”、“as plentiful as black berries(草莓)”、“spend money like water(水)”。英语中的 “blue room”实际上是指美国白宫中总统会见至亲朋好友的接待室，而不是“蓝色房间”。

四、地理环境的差异

从location(位置)来说，中国位于东半球，所以我们常说“east wind”(东风)，“Spring is coming, everything is green.”而西方人对 “west wind”却情有独钟，雪莱的《西风颂》就是一个很好的例子。这与他们在西半球是密不可分的。说到雪，位于赤道附近的国家几乎没有关于雪的词汇，而爱斯基摩人却对雪做了非常仔细的分类。这完全是由于climate的不同而引起的。英国是个岛国，故“大量债务”便是 “a sea of debt”，同样“the sea of troubles”则译为“无穷麻烦”。

五、生产方式的差异

中国人以牛代耕，而西方是以马代耕。所以他们说 as strong as horse(力大如牛)，下错赌注(black the wrong horse)，换班子则是 “change horse”。

由此可见，文字的力量是无穷的，在学习名词时我们不仅要了解它的字面意思，更要联系具体的语境和文化背景进行判断。这就要求我们不仅要学会具体的语法点，更要广泛阅读，从文化等更高层面上来理解特定的语法现象，只有这样才能达到学以致用的目的。同学们可以搜集一些类似的体现文化差异的词或短语，通过持续的积累大家一定能在语言的学习上更上一层楼！

中考要求

 

知识讲解

名词

 一、名词的分类

   名词即表示人，事物，及抽象概念名称的词。它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。具体情况见下表：

类别			意义	例词
专有名词			表示特定的人，物，机构或场所等的名词（首字母须大写）	Bill Gates, the Great Wall, the UN, Beijing, China
普 通 名 词	可数名词	个体名词	表示同类的人或物中的个体	student, tree, house, piano, dog
		集体名词	表示若干人或物的总称	只用作复数：people, police, cattle 可用作单数&复数：family, team,    class, group
	不可数名词	物质名词	表示物质和材料的总称	paper, water, air, wood, rice, glass steel
		抽象名词	表示动作，性质，状态或情感等抽象概念的名称	work, news, weather ,health, life, homework, knowledge

 

 

 

二．名词的数

名词有数的变化，从名词所表示的事物的性质看，可以分为两类：可数名词，如：car汽车，army军队等；不可数名词，如：milk牛奶，water水，love爱等。

1．可数名词

可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数名词的变化有规则变化和不规则变化两种。

（1）规则变化

构成方法	语 音	你会读吗？
在词尾加-s	1. 在清辅音后读作/s/ 2. 在浊辅音后读作/z/	desk-desks dog-dogs
以s, x, sh, ch, z等结尾的名词之后加-es	-(e)s读作/iz/	class-classes box-boxes dish-dishes watch-watches buzz-buzzes
如词尾为e，只加-s	-(e)s 读作/iz/	horse-horses     page-pages
如词尾为-f或-fe，则一般变为-ves	-ves读作/vz/	knife-knives
以辅音 y结尾的名词，变y为i，再加-es	-ies读作/iz/	family-families
以o结尾的名词，有生命的加es,无生命的加s	-es读作/z/	tomato-tomatoes photo - photos

 

注：以f, fe结尾的名词变复数为ves的，可以通过口诀记忆：

一片树叶半片黄， leaf, half

架后躲着一匹狼， shelf, wolf

妻子拿刀去杀贼， wife, knife

一不小心把命丧。 Life

2. 不可数名词

  1）概述：不可数名词一般只有单数形式，没有复数形式。它不能和a或an及数词搭配使用。值得注意的是，英语中的可数与不可数是一个语法概念，与实际生活中某件事物的可数与不可数并不完全一致，因而不能单从意义上加以推测。

 2) 表示方法：不可数名词表示数量可以和some, any, a lot of , little, a little, much, a piece of, a pound of, a cup of, a lot of等连用。结构为：“数词或冠词 量词 of 不可数名词”。量词可以是单数也可以是复数，但of 后的名词只能用原形。

如：a piece of news

four glasses of milk         

five bottles of water  

some bread

a lot of rain

3) 常考的不可数名词：

1. 流体：water , air ,coffee, tea, milk, wine, juice, oil, honey, porridge，soup, ink

2. 固体： 食品类：rice, bread, salt, butter, cheese, beef，chicken（鸡肉），fish（鱼肉），pork，meat

         非食品类：paper, glass(玻璃），wood, cotton, rain，snow，chalk

3. 表示总称的词：food, fruit, drink, clothing, money, furniture，population

4.抽象名词：work, weather, news, advice, music, fun, time, knowledge, information

5.研究学科：maths, physics, politics

【真题链接】

1.   _____ we had making snowmen last Sunday!

     A. What a great fun     B. What great fun          C. How a great fun        D. how great fun

2.   The news_______ very interesting! Tell me more!

     A. is                           B. are                           C. were，                    D. was

3.   There ____ a lot of good news in today's newspaper.

     A. is                           B. are                           C. was                         D. Were

4.   There is some ____ on the table.

     A. apple                      B. orange                      C. cake                        D. Sandwich

5.   We need to come up with a/an ______ and make a decision at once.

     A. information             B. advice                      C. idea                         D. news

6.   I like_____ a lot, and my mother usually cooks it in different ways.

     A. fish                        B. butter                       C. potatoes                   D. noodles

7.   Oh, my ______ is broken.

     A. a cup of tea            B. a cup of teas             C. tea cup

8.  I'm hungry, Can you give me _______?          

A. some slice of bread  B. some slices of bread  C. some breads

9.   He does some _____and gets a lot of_________.
     A. work；moneys       B. jobs；money            C. job; moneys              D. works；money

 

三、名词的所有格

名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式：一种是's 所有格，另一种是of 所有格。

1．名词所有格的构成

1）表示有生命的名词，在单数名词或不以s 结尾的复数名词后加“ 's ”, 在以s 结尾的名词后只加“ ’ ”

如：the boy’s schoolbag 这男孩的书包

   the worker’s shoes 这个二人的鞋

   the teachers’ office 老师们的办公室

   the students’ classroom 学生们的教室

   Women’s Day 妇女节

   the People’s Park 人民公园

2）表示无生命的名词所有格用“ of 无生命名词”来表示。

如：the name of the ship 船的名字

a map of china     一张中国的地图

the door of the room  房间的门

3）双重所有格有两种形式：① of 名词所有格 ②of 名词性物主代词

公式为：a, an, this, that 名词 of 名词性物主代词。

如：a friend of mine 我朋友中的一个

each brother of his 他的每个哥哥

a friend of my brother's 我哥哥的一个朋友（相当于：one of my brother's friends)

a pen of yours 你的一只钢笔

注意： a photo of my father's （我父亲若干照片中的一张，不一定是父亲本人）

       a photo of my father （指照片上的人就是父亲自己）

 

2．名词所有格的用法  

1）表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词用 's 所有格来表示。

如： today's newspaper 今天的报纸

     ten minutes' break  十分钟的休息 （比较：ten-minute break)

     China's capital    中国的首都

     Beijing's weather  北京的天气

2）表示店铺，医院，诊所，住宅等名称时，常在名词后加上's 代表全称。

如： the doctor's 医生的诊室

     my uncle's  我叔叔家

     the baker's  面包店

3）用and 连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系，这时只在最后的一个名词后加‘s

如： Lily and Lucy's mother is a nurse. 莉莉和露西的妈妈是一个护士。

4）用and连接两个并列名词，表示分别拥有各自的物品时两个名词都在词尾加's 表示所有关系。如：

  These are Tom's and Mary's bags. 这些是汤姆和玛丽的包。

【真题链接】

1. Mary's skirt is the same as her_______ . (2009 山东济南）

     A. sisters                    B. brother                     C. sister's                     D. brother's

2.   It is five years since we began to enjoy a _____ spring holiday each year. (2009 浙江杭州）

     A. ten-day                   B. ten day                     C. ten day's                  D. ten-days

3.   He borrowed a dictionary from_____.

     A. one of his friend      B. a friend of him          C. a his friend               D. a friend of his

4.   Let's meet at 7:30 outside the gate of____________.

     A. People Park            B. the People's Park       C. the People Park         D. People's Park (2009广东）

重难点

一、名词复数的不规则变化

①只变其中元音字母

如：man - men      woman - women   policeman- policemen   Englishman-Englishmen

      goose – geese    foot - feet        tooth - teeth

mouse - mice   child - children         

口诀：男人女人 a 变 e , 鹅足牙oo变ee ,小老鼠也好记，ous 变ic， 儿童加上ren ,读音同时要发准。

注：German –Germans (除外）

② 单复数形式相同。

如：sheep, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese

口诀：一个中国人和一个日本人骑着一头绵羊和鹿去吃水煮鱼。

③合成名词，只将其主体词变为复数形式。

如：girl student – girl students     pencil-box – pencil-boxes  room number- room numbers 

    shoe factory-shoe  factories

④由man和woman构成的合成词，全都变成复数。

如：man doctor – men doctors                  woman teacher – women teachers

【真题链接】

1.   All the _______ teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th, because it was their

     own holiday.

1.   man                           B. men                         C. woman                    D. women

2.   The farmer raised ten_______.

     A. sheeps                    B. deers                        C. horse                       D. cows

3.   There are two ________ in the city.

     A. car's factory           B. car's factories           C. factories of car's       D. car factories

二、名词拓展

关于way的短语：

push one’s way  1.挤着前进   2.挤过去

3.挤（出去）   4.推开（人群）通过

5.挤过（西城模拟题考过，完型中）

all the way to 一路至；

no way决不；

by the way顺便说一下；

lose one’s way 迷路；

by way of 经由；

make one’s way to 朝…地方去；

on the (one’s) way (to) 去某地的路上；即将到来；

in the(one’s) way阻碍；挡道

in a/one/some way 在某种程度上

in the same way 用同样的方式；

in different ways 以不同的方式；

in this way 这样；以这种方式；

in no way 决不；

out of the way 不挡道

eg.

⑴No way will I go on working for that man.           ⑵ I left them alone, as I feel I was in the way.

⑶In a way you are right, but I still have doubts.         ⑷Oh, by the way, do you have my new address?

⑸He met an old friend on his way home / to work.       ⑹Heavy rain was on the way.

⑺When I arrived, the party was well on the / its  way.

变名词

1、             变表示职业的名词

(1) er

farmer   worker   teacher   singer   dancer   photographer    waiter   player   reporter    listener    writer    reader      runner    owner      foreigner   

(2) or

doctor    visitor   actor   conductor   inventor   director   translator     professor    monitor   operator   donor     

(3) ian

musician   librarian   veterinarian    Australian    Canadian   Indian   Brazilian     American

(4) ist

artist    dentist   scientist   tourist   journalist    specialist   optometrist   pianist   violinist    psychologist     terrorist

(5) man

postman   fisherman  Englishman    Frenchman

2、变表示抽象名词

(1) t(s)ion

invention    collection   pronunciation   donation   pollution   association     solution   discussion   congratulation   suggestion    permission    attention    situation    donation   

(2) ment

agreement   appointment   development    advertisement   environment     commitment    equipment    argument  

(3) ty

safety   popularity   difficulty    activity    beauty  

(4) th

death   growth   truth   youth    wealth    health   length   

(5) ness

illness   goodness    business    kindness   darkness   

(6) ance     

appearance  

(7)ship

friendship    hardship

(8)t变ce

different → difference  important → importance   confident → confidence  convenient → convenience

silent  →  silence

(9)其它

fail → failure    proud → pride   high → height  weigh → weight   fly → flight  success → succeed   

speak → speech  please→ pleasure

【真题链接】

1.   —Why do you get up so early in the morning, Tracy ？

     —I generally make it a ________to be up by 7 to read English.

     A. plan                       B. wish                        C. secret                      D. rule

2.   ---Why didn’t you take a taxi back last night?

     ---Because I didn’t have any ______ with me.

     A. food                       B. bicycle                     C. friend                       D. money

3.   John always says that he likes apples of all the ______ .

     A. vegetables               B. fruits                        C. drinks

4.   ---You look worried. What’s your ______ ?

     ---I have trouble learning English.

     A. name                      B. question                   C. problem                   D. Job

5---Shall we go shopping now?

     ---Sorry. It’s not the right ________. I’m too tired.

     A. way                       B. weather                    C. place                        D. moment

6.   Look at the flowers! They are in different _______: red, yellow, pink…

     A. colors                    B. sizes                        C. prices                      D. names

7— What would you like to drink?

     —__________, please.

     A. Rice                       B. Meat                        C. Water                       D. Bread

三、易混淆名词辨析

1. family, house, home

home 家，包括住处和家人，house房子，住宅，family家庭成员. My family is a happy one.

2. sound, voice, noise

sound自然界各种各样的声音，voice人的嗓音，noise噪音eg. I hate the loud noise outside.

3. population, people

population人口，人数，people具体的人 eg. China has a large population.

4. road, street, path, way

road具体的公路，马路，street街道，path小路，小径，way道路，途径

5. take this road; in the street, show me the way to the museum.

6. course, subject

course 科目(具体的学科)，subject 课程(可包括多门科目)

两者的区别：总的来说subject的范围较广，可以理解为学科类，或者你专业所设计的课程所属的学科范围，而course是每一门具体的课程。

比如高等数学和复变函数是同一subject而不是同一个course

7. exercise, exercises, practice

exercise运动，锻炼（不可数），exercises练习（可数），practice（反复做的）练习

Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。

8. work, job

二者均指工作。work不可数，job可数 a good job=a piece of work

四、易错点清单

1. 由“a pair( a kind, series...) of 复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；“pairs(kinds...) of 复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：

A pair of sunglasses is lying on the table. 衣服太阳镜放在桌子上。

This pair of trousers is very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old.

2. “数词 名词 形容词”构成的复合形容词，中间的名词不能用复数形式而须用单数形式。如：

如：   She is an eight-year-old girl.   她是一个八岁的女孩。（eight-year-old不能说成eight-years-old)

比较： The girl is eight years old.   那个女孩八岁了。

a five-pound note 一张五英镑的纸币

a 100-meter race  百米赛跑

a ten-story- high building 一栋十层高的楼房。

3. 有些名词既是可数名词又是不可数名词，但意义有所不同。如：

work(工作）——a work (著作）

glass(玻璃）——a glass(玻璃杯）

paper（纸）——a paper(报纸，文件试卷）

room(空间）—— a room(房间）

【真题链接】

1.   Bill said they were going to have _______ holiday.

     A. a two-weeks'          B. a two-week              C. two weeks'               D. two weeks

2.   He is reading ______and writing something down on______.
     A. paper；a piece of paper                              B. a paper；paper
     C. paper； a paper                                         D. a paper；a piece of paper

例题精讲

 

1.   I have two _______ and three bottles of _________ here.

     A. orange, orange        B. oranges, oranges

     C. oranges, orange       D. orange, oranges

2.   An old _______ wants to see you.

     A. people                    B. person                      C. the people                 D. the person

3.   Help yourself to __________.

     A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple

     C. chicken and apple    D. chicken and apples

4.   She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _________.

     A. family                    B. house                       C. home                       D. room

5.   He is a success as a leader but he hasn’t ________ in teaching.

     A. many experiences    B. much experience

     C. an experience          D. a lot experience

6.   A. group of _________ are talking with two ___________.

     A. Frenchmen, Germans                                 B. Germans, Frenchmans

     C. Frenchmans, Germen                                 D. Germen, Frenchmen

7.   The team ________ having a meeting .

     A. is                           B. are                           C. am                           D. be

8.   “Would you like _________?” “________, please.”

     A. drink, Three coffees                                   B. a cup of drink, Coffees

     C. a drink,                  A. coffee                      D. a drink, Three cups of coffees

9.   The Great Wall was made not only by __, but also the flesh and blood of ___men.

     A. earth and stones, millions of                        B. earths and stones, millions

     C. the earth and stone, million of                      D. the earths and stones, millions

10. ---What would you like to drink, ________ or orange? ---Orange, please.

     A. hamburger              B. chip                         C. tea

11. Every evening Mr. King takes a _________ to his home.

     A. 25 minutes’ walk     B. 25 minute’s walk

     C. 25 minute walk       D. 25 minutes walk

12. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _________.

     A. room’s number       B. rooms’ number

     C. room numbers        D. rooms’ numbers

13. ________ mothers couldn’t go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai .

     A. Mary and Peter’s     B. Mary and Peter

     C. Mary’s and Peter     D. Mary’s and Peter’s

14. Li Lei has been to __________ many times this month.

     A. her uncle                B. her uncle’s               C. her uncles                D. aunt’s

15. A. classmate of _________ was here ten minutes ago.

     A. you                        B. your                         C. your sister                D. your sister’s

16. --What can I do for you?

     --I’d like two _______.

     A. box of apple            B. boxes of apples         C. box of apples            D. boxes of apple

17. ________ it is today!

     A. What fine weather   B. What a fine weather

     C. How a fine weather D. How fine a weather

18. Look at the book, it's not mine, and it's not yours, so it must be ________.

     A. somebody else's      B. somebody else'          C. somebody's else        D. somebody' else

19. ---Where is Mr. Zhang?

     ---He is in the ________.

     A. teacher's reading room                                B. teachers' reading room

     C. teacher reading room                                  D. teachers reading room

20. The workers are repairing ________. .

     A. the roof of the house                                  B. a roof of the house   

     C. roof of the house                                        D. this roof of house

课堂检测

一. 单项选择

1.   Several _________ are talking under the tree. And their ________ are swimming in the lake.

     A. woman; children     B. woman; child            C. women; children       D. women; child

2.   –What would you like, Madam?

     –I’d like ________, please.

     A. two bottles of orange                                  B. two bottles of oranges

     C. two bottle of oranges                                  D. two bottle of orange

3.   The little baby has two ________ already.

     A. tooth                      B. tooths                      C. teeth                        D. teeths

4.   About _________ films were shown during the 5th Shanghai International Film Festival.

     A. two hundred of       B. two hundreds of        C. two hundred             D. two hundreds

5.   ________ went to Japan yesterday.

     A. The White’s            B. The Whites               C. The White                D. The White family

6.   Look, five _________ are feeding on the hill.

     A. sheeps                    B. sheep                       C. sheepes                    D. the sheep

7.   This tree has green ________ throughout the year.

     A. leaf                        B. leafs                         C. leave                        D. leaves

8.   At the age of eight, Mary joined a group of ________.

     A. children dancers      B. child dancers            C. child dancer              D. children’s dancers

9.   Look, the police ________ coming.

     A. is                           B. were                        C. are                           D. was

10. Lin Tao is ill, so he has to go to the ________.

     A. doctor                    B. doctor's                    C. doctors'                   D. doctor'

二、根据汉语意思完成下列短语

1. 学生们的书                                               2. 那条狗的名字                                           

3. 三小时的路程                                            4. 城市的城墙                                              

5. 我弟弟的朋友                                    

Keys：1. students’ books; 2. the name of the dog/ the dog’s name; 3. three hours’ walk/ a three-hour walk

4. the city of the wall 5. a friend of my brother’s

三、根据句意，用括号中词的适当形式填空

1. ---How far is it from your home to your school?

  ---Not far. Just five          (minute) walk.

2. Today is          (mother) Day.

3. They are           (Tom), not yours.

4. Mr. Wang is talking to the           (girl) mothers now.

5. His father is not an          (animal) doctor but a           (child) doctor.

 

总结复习

1.老师让学生自己梳理本堂课的知识点，可以采取画树状图、表格等其他方式。

2.学生与老师分享自己预习部分的学习心得。

 

课后作业

一．选择填空：

 

1.   They want three______.

     A. loaf bread               B. loaf of bread             C. loaves bread             D. loaves of bread

2.   ______that pair of new ______ expensive?

     A. Is…shoe                B. Are…shoe                C. Is…shoes                 D. Are…shoes

3.   There are many ______in the fridge.

     A. food                       B. fruit                         C. eggs                        D. bread

4.   There’s only a little ______in the fridge. That’s not enough for breakfast.

     A. cakes                     B. bread                       C. eggs                        D. biscuits

5.   They got much ______from those new books.

     A. ideas                      B. photos                      C. information               D. stories

6.   Mr. Lin often gives us ______by e-mail.

     A. some good information                               B. some good informations

     C. good informations   D. a good information

7.   Linda, I’ve bought many _______. Now let’s make the birthday cake.

     A. fresh eggs              B. chocolate milk           C. frozen food              D. rice dumplings

8.   There are many ____ in that basket.

     A. tomatos                  B. potatoes                   C. bread                       D. rice

9.   A. group of ____ will visit the museum tomorrow.

     A. Italian                     B. Australian                 C. Japanese                  D. American

10. In this letter, Uncle Lee told us many ____ about his visit to the United States.

     A. news                      B. stories                      C. information               D. truth

11. Do you know whose this pair of ____ is?

     A. taxis                       B. flowers                    C. jeans                        D. umbrellas

12. How wonderful! They got much ____ from those new books.

     A. ideas                      B. photos                      C. information               D. stories

13. A:You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “____” on the door of this shop. B: Thanks.

     A. ENTRANCE           B. BUSINESS HOURS   C. THIS SIDE UP         D. NO SMOKING

14. Four ____ and five ____ visited our school yesterday.

     A. Germen, English      B. German, English

     C. Germans, Englishmen                                 D. Germen, Englishmans

15. Let the boys go away. They’re making too much ____ here.

     A. sounds                   B. noise                        C. voice                       D. noisy

16. There are so many ____ in the restaurant.

     A. people                    B. food                         C. fork                         D. waiter

17. Do me a ____ to turn the radio down while I’m on the phone, will you?

     A. hand                      B. favor                        C. charity                     D. help

18. How can I send the article to you in a fast way. If I haven’t got a computer? B: By ____

     A. phone                     B. e-mail                       C. fax                          D. letter

19. ____ are used to keep sheep from running way.

     A. Forks                     B. fences                      C. Fields                       D. Farms

二．词性变换

1.Not all the people who had received Peter’s _______________ attended the party. (invite)

2.The English newspaper China ______________ is too difficult for secondary school students to read. They can read Shanghai Students’ Post instead. (day)

3.Frank is ______________, but now he lives in England. (France)

4.In order to let every child receive ______________, the government is going to make some new laws. (educate)

5.Mrs Chen watched her granddaughter playing on the beach with great ___________. (please)

6.The ______________ of the game is waving his hand to the audience．(win)

7.”A friend in need is a friend indeed.” Is a famous Chinese _______________. (say)

8.After much _______________, we all agreed to share the cost. (discuss)

9.The radio program already has more than two million _______ across the country. (listen)

10.Now our country is paying more attention to the environmental ______________. (protect)

11.Tom wants to be an ______________ like his father. (engine)

12.After some years, Einstein became a famous ______________. (science)

13.You should take the advice on road ______________. (safe)

14.This morning I met several ______________ at a supermarket. (German)

15.The students are having a ______________ about where to go during May Day. (discuss)

三、完形填空

A

As a young girl growing up in the 1930s, I always wanted to fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. I got a taste of that dream in 200l, when I rode in a hot air balloon on my birthday. I thought it would be exciting, but the   1   turned out to be uninteresting. We went up directly high in the air and right back down, moving around very    2  . During that time, I hoped I could skydive（延缓张伞跳伞）some day and my husband encouraged me. So when I heard there was a chance to let my dream come true, I decided to   3   it.  

However, my children were very nervous about it. They   4   me to talk things over with my doctor before that. When I told him what I was planning to do, he said, “You could break bones（骨头）during the   5   at the age of 84!” Hearing that, I had to stop myself from laughing. But that was not go ing to   6   me on the ground.

On June 11, 2009, my family and friends got together in the area close to where I would land while I headed   7   in an airplane. When we reached 13,000 feet, Jay, my instructor（教练）told me it was time. I followed his   8   to get myself out of the plane. When we first   9   the air, the wind was very strong. But a few seconds later, it became better. We were in a   10   fall for about a minute before Jay pulled the parachute's cord（降落伞绳索）.Then we just floated（飘浮）downward for about four minutes. Being up   11   the sky and looking at the view（景色）below was un like anything I have ever felt, much better than the hot air balloon.

“Just keep   12  ” is what I like to say. If there’s something you want to experience, search for it. If it’s something that is possible, make it happen.

(  )1. A. program             B. progress                   C. exercise                   D. experience

(  )2. A. little                  B. soon                        C. near                       D. low

(  )3. A. get                        B. take                         C. use                       D. accept

(  )4. A. ordered                B. allowed                  C. asked                       D. wished

(  )5. A. flying                    B. floating               C. jumping                 D. landing

(  )6. A. put                      B. keep                         C. make                       D. leave

(  )7. A. up                    B. out                        C. away                    D. forward

(  )8. A. introduction           B. decision                    C. instruction                D. direction

(  )9. A. hit                    B. touched                    C. met                      D. breathed

(  )10. A. hard               B. heavy                    C. straight                 D. free

(  )11. A. over                     B. in                             C. under                    D. beside

(  )12. A. doing                 B. moving                  C. living                       D. fighting

【北京市朝阳区2011年中考一模英语试题】

 

B

 

I was six when I joined my father and two elder brothers at sunrise in the fields of Eufaula, Uklan. From the time I was eight I was helping Dad fix up old furniture. He gave me a cent for every nail(钉子) I   1   out of old boards.

I got my first real job, at JM’s Restaurant in town when I was 12. My main responsibilities were clearing up tables and washing dishes, but  2   I helped cook.

Every day after school I would   3   to JM’s and work until ten. Even on Saturdays, I worked from two until eleven. At that age it was difficult going to   4   and watching my friends run off to swim or play. I didn’t really like work, but I loved what work allowed me to have. Because of my   5   I was always the one buying when my friends and I went to the local（当地的） Tastee Freez. This made me feel   6   .

Word that I was hardworking and trustworthy(讲诚信)    7   around the town. A local clothing store offered me a credit card   8   I was only in seventh grade. I immediately bought a $68 sport coat and a $22 pair of shoes. I was   9   only 65 cents an hour, and I already owed(欠) the store—keeper $90! So I learned gradually the danger of easy credit. I paid    10   as soon as I could.

My first job taught me self-control responsibility and brought me a level of personal satisfaction that   11  of my friends experienced. As my father, who worked three jobs, once told me, “If you   12  responsibility, there are not many things in life you can’t have.” How right he was!

（  ）1.  A. p ut                 B. pulled                  C. picked          D. pressed 

（  ）2.  A .always             B. usually                  C. sometimes       D. often

（  ）3.  A. head               B. turn                   C. change         D. move

（  ）4.  A. school               B. church                 C. work             D. travel

（  ）5.  A. study              B. power                  C. age            D. job

（  ）6.  A. proud              B. friendly                 C. lucky           D. hopeful

（  ）7.  A. ran                B. got                    C. flew            D. carried

（  ）8.  A. if                      B. while                  C. since　　       D. although

（  ）9.  A. keeping             B. making                 C. paying         D. taking

（  ）10.  A. out               B. over                   C. away          D. back

（  ）11.  A. many            B. all                      C. fe w           D. no

（  ）12.  A. take              B. know                  C. offer          D. understand

【北京市大兴区2011年中考一模英语试题】

 

 

 

四、阅读理解

A

"You don't have to be great to get started, but you have to get started to be great.” I believe it is thought normal in today's society to just let life happen to us. I also believe that we sometimes damage our well-planned thoughts about success because it is easier to just carry on as usual rather than ' try' with the possibility of failure in mind.

      The main reason why most people never get moving is because they have no real idea about what they want. Without a certain result already set in your mind, it is really difficult to get going, and even if you do, your motivation (动力) may soon disappear and you give up before too long.

      Why not consider what is really important in your life? Write down what excites you, what would truly make you happy and what problems you have. At the end of the week, take a careful look at the notes you have taken. You will soon begin to see a clearer picture of what direction you should be heading.

      Knowledge is useless without action. You can read every book on any subject but your life will stay the same if you do not use that knowledge. This may seem clear but the reason why the self-help industry is thriving (繁荣的) is because people read and read and read but never use the information provided.

      Knowledge is fantastic but it is not life changing until used. I love to read personal development material to keep a positive attitude towards my life, but l also realize that if I don't set goals to achieve, then l will always be a talk the talk person who is great at giving advice but useless at realizing it. If you have no plans of practicing what you say, then it may he best to keep your mouth closed.

      Do yon want to know who you are? Don't ask. Act! Action will explain you. Whatever excuses we have for not living up to our talent, the fact is that time will always move forward. Be whatever yon want to be and whatever you can be. Always remember the only limits we have are the ones we create for ourselves.  Life is not what we think, it is what we experience when we act upon the thoughts we entertain.

1. In Paragraph Two, the writer wants to ______

   A. tell us what people need to get success

   B. show us what people set in their mind

   C. inform us why people should practice

   D. explain why people stop going ahead

2. The underlined phrase "living up to" probably means ______.

   A. matching                B. showing              C. wasting           D. losing

3. What is the best title for the passage?

   A. See a Clear Picture of Life,                     B. Get Started to Be Great.

   C. Set Goals to Achieve                                      D. Act upon Thoughts

【北京市海淀区2011年中考一模英语试题】

B

Can you imagine the very first modern Olympics in 1896 with no landing mats (海绵垫), no stopwatches and no photo finishes? In fact, c ameras and stopwatches were not used until the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, USA. Thanks for technology, Olympics have been developing at an unbel ievable speed.

    Today technology has completely changed sports. Take sports equipment for example. Electronic eyes hanging at the starting lines, together with digital cameras, could catch correct race time and also help to catch runners who “jump the gun”. As runners cross the finishing line, special digital cameras can also easily decide the winner. The days of “dead heats” are gone.

    Technological developments are also good for athletes. New sports suits, which get less wind effects, can help cut up to one-tenth of a second from runners’ race time. Top athletes, like Liu Xiang, are even provided with hand-made sports shoes. These shoes are made to fit the athlete exactly -- and there are some more changes in the shoes that meet each runner’s personal needs.

    Technology has also changed the way of many sports. Take one example -- the pole vault. The landing mat makes a big difference to the vaulting style as athletes no longer need to worry about hurting themselves as they fall. Without these worries, athletes could jump higher. New swimming pools have been used to help swimmers swim with easier effort and sports scientists have worked out a new swimming style to improve the speed.

The increasing technological developments have led many sportsmen to suggest that the “Olympic spirit” is being lost in a rush to break records and win medals. Many developing countries say that technology has become too important in sport and that athletes from developing countries are disadvantaged. There are no easy answers but one thing is sure -- we cannot turn back times. Technology cannot go backwards.

4. The underlined phrase “dead heats” means __________.

A.      sports equipment which was out of date

B.      runners who jumped the gun while running

C.      diseases which killed runners in hot weather

D.     races in which runners finished at the same time

5.What infers from the fourth paragraph?

A.      Scientists can measure the speed of swimming.

B.      The pole vault was not quite safe in the past.

C.      Pole vaulters jump lower with landing mats.

D.     New pools have changed the style of swimming.

6. The purpose of the writer in writing this article is _______.

A.      to suggest we should keep up with the times

B.      to suggest we reduce technology in Olympics

C.      to suggest we train better athletes like Liu Xiang

D.     to suggest we care more about developing countries

【北京市昌平区2011年中考一模英语试题】

C

Do you want to watch a hot movie while chatting with your friend on the pho ne，or shop with your mobile phone while on a train? The ongoing t echnology development has made these things come to our daily life．

    It is said that China has had the right to use the third generation telecommunication technology (3G) since 2009.

    The so-called 3G technology allows mobile phone users enjoy high-speed Internet-based services．It helps increase mobility in many areas of our lives．

    Nowadays, many mobile phones allow you to send e-mails or read the latest stories on the Internet，but the speed is not pleasing，which is only 10 kilobytes (KB) per second．But 3G goes on the Internet with a speed of up to 2 megabytes (MB) per second．If recent mobile technology is like riding bikes on a country road，then 3G will make you fly on the information highway．For example，a mobile phone with 3G technology can help download a three-minute MP3 song within two minutes while it will take you up to an hour to do this with your common mobile phone．

    In the UK and many other European countries where 3G services have around since 2003，3G has already become a part of modem business life．Nowadays，office workers are able to s pend some of their working hours at home．The new technology allows the first aid services to provide a video link with a hospital or doctor for patients who need special care．

7．From the passage we can know that        ．

    A．we can’t enjoy Internet-based services now at the moment in China[来源:学,科,网Z,X,X,K]

B．it is possible for us to enjoy MP3 music with our common mobile phones

C．doctors can examine patients by using 3G mobile phones in the UK

    D．thanks to 3G phones，many office workers needn’t travel to work any more

8．The writer probably regards a 3G mobile phone as ______.

    A．a fast communication tool

    B．a flying tool on the highway

    C．a video link to the hospital

    D．a chatting friend on the train

9．What’s the main idea of this passage?

    A．You have to buy a new mobile phone if you want to enjoy 3G.

    B．3G mobile technology makes our life richer and more convenient.

C．In the future, you can enjoy high-quality music using your phone.

D．3G movies on mobile phones are coming to us in the nearby future.

【北京市昌平区2011年中考一模英语试题】