佩里《梵语入门》第16课206-209英汉对照
(2014-12-14 07:43:21)
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Perry, A Sanskrit Primer
Lesson
XVI.
206. Verbs,
a-conjugation.
Present Optative Active.
The present
optative is formed from the general present-stem by
the addition of a
mode-sign, after which are used secondary endings (in 3rd
pl. act. उस् us, in 1st sing. mid. अ a, in 3rd pl.
mid. रन् ran).
After an a-stem, this mode-sign, in all voices, is ई
ī, unaccented,
which blends with the final a to ए e (accented,
or not, according
to the accent of the a) : and the ए is
maintained unchanged
before a vowel-ending (अम्, उस्, आथाम्, आताम्)
by means of an
interposed euphonic य् y. The inflection in the
active voice is as
follows:
1.
वदेयम् vádeyam
वदेव vádeva
वदेम vádema
2. वदेस् vádes
वदेतम् vádetam
वदेत vádeta
3. वदेत् vádet
वदेताम् vádetām
वदेयुस् vádeyus
Similarly,
विशेयम् viśéyam, नह्येयम् náhyeyam,
चोरयेयम् coráyeyam,
etc.
第16课
206. 动词, a变位。主动态祈愿语气现在时。
祈愿语气现在时通过一般的现在词干加语气标志来构成,在该语气标志之后使用第二套词尾(在主动态第三人称复数中使用उस् us,在中动态第一人称单数中使用अ a,在中动态第三人称复数中使用रन् ran)。在a词干之后,该语气标志在所有语态中都是不重读的ई ī,它与末尾 a混合为ए e(重读与否根据 a的重音):该ए在元音词尾(अम्,
उस्,आथाम्,आताम्)之前通过插入使发音变得容易的य् y而保持不变。主动态的变化如下:
1.
वदेयम् vádeyam
वदेव vádeva
वदेम vádema
2. वदेस् vádes
वदेतम् vádetam
वदेत vádeta
3. वदेत् vádet
वदेताम् vádetām
वदेयुस् vádeyus
类似地,विशेयम् viśéyam,नह्येयम् náhyeyam,चोरयेयम् coráyeyam,等等。
[AbyssThinIce注]
primary endings、secondary
endings一般译为“原始词尾”、“派生词尾”等,但这是由于以前的误解造成的。现代历史比较语言学认为secondary
endings才是原始的,而primary
endings则是通过在secondary
endings上加表示现在的i等副词而构成的。
所以本译文将primary
endings、secondary
endings暂分别译为“第一套词尾”、“第二套词尾”,以避免区分何为原始、何为派生。
原文说“插入使发音变得容易的य्
y”不知是否妥当。既然“语气标志在所有语态中都是不重读的ई
ī”,而y是i在元音前的变体,那么这个y是本来就有的,似乎不能说是“插入”的。
207. The optative expresses:
1. wish or desire;
2. request
or entreaty;
3. what is desirable or proper;
4. what may or
might, can or could
be.
It is also
largely used in conditional
sentences. The subject is
often indefinite and unexpressed. The negative
used with the opt.
is न na. Both the prescriptive and the
prohibitive optative are
very common.
207. 祈愿语气表达:
1. 希望;
2. 请求;
3. 值得的或合适的;
4. 可能的。
它也广泛用于条件句中。主语经常是不定的和不明说的。祈愿语气的否定使用न na。命令和禁止祈愿语气都很常见。
208. The
nouns of relationship in ऋ (except
स्वसृ and नप्तृ -- see
§203) gunate ऋ in
the strong cases; thus, पितृ m.,
'father', मातृ f.,
'mother', declined as follows:
N.
पिता माता
पितरौ
मातरौ
पितरस्
मातरस्
A.
पितरम् मातरम्
"
पितॄन् मातॄस्
I.
पित्रा मात्रा
पितृ भ्याम् मातृभ्याम्
पितृ भिस् मातृभिस्
V. पितर्
मातर्
208. 以 ऋ结尾的亲属关系名词(除过स्वसृ和नप्तृ--见§203)在强格中将ऋ变为完整级;从而,पितृ
[阳]‘父亲’、मातृ
[阴]‘母亲’变格如下:
体
पिता माता
पितरौ
मातरौ
पितरस्
मातरस्
业
पितरम् मातरम्
"
पितॄन् मातॄस्
具
पित्रा मात्रा
पितृ भ्याम् मातृभ्याम्
पितृ भिस् मातृभिस्
呼
पितर् मातर्
209. The stem गो m., f., 'bull' or
'cow', is declined thus:
N.V.
गौस् gaus
गावौ gāvau
गावस् gāvas
A.
गाम् gām
"
गास् gās
I.
गवा gavā
गो भ्याम् gobhyām
गोभिस् gobhis
D.
गवे gave
"
गोभ्यस् gobhyas
Ab.
गोस् gos
"
"
G.
"
गवोस् gavos
गवाम् gav ām
L.
गवि gavi
"
गोषु goṣu
209. 词干गो
[阳、阴]‘公牛’或‘母牛’变格如下:
体呼
गौस् gaus
गावौ gāvau
गावस् gāvas
业
गाम् gām
"
गास् gās
具
गवा gavā
गो भ्याम् gobhyām
गोभिस् gobhis
为
गवे gave
"
गोभ्यस् gobhyas
从
गोस् gos
"
"
属
"
गवोस् gavos
गवाम् gav ām
依
गवि gavi
"
गोषु goṣu
Vocabulary XVI.
Verbs:
मन् (mányate) think, suppose.
मुद् (módate) rejoice.
शंस् (śáṃsati) proclaim (see also in Vocab.
I.).
स्मृ (smárati; p. smaryáte) remember; think
of; teach, esp. in pass. 'it is taught', i.e.
'traditional'.
Subst.:
गो m., f., bull, steer, cow; f.,
speech.
गोत्व n., ox-nature; stupidity.
घास m., fodder, hay.
जामातृ m., son-in-law.
दुहितृ f., daughter.
पङ्क n., mud, bog.
पितृ m., father; du., parents; pl.,
manes.
प्रयोक्तृ m., user, arranger.
बुध m., wise man, sage.
भ्रातृ m., brother.
मातृ f., mother.
मास m., month.
युग्म n., pair.
रक्षण n., protection.
श्राद्ध n., an oblation to the manes, accomplanied
by a sacrificial meal and gifts to the
Brāhmans.
Adj.:
अधिक, f. ॰आ, more, greater, greatest.
कामदुघ, f. ॰आ, granting wishes; as f., sc. धेनु,
the fabulous Wonder-cow.
दुष्प्रयुक्त f. ॰आ, badly arranged or
used.
प्रयुक्त f. ॰आ, arranged, used.
श्रेष्ठ, f. ॰आ,
best.
Pron.:
सा f., she, it.
Adv. and Conj.:
चेत् if.
नित्यम् always, daily.
यदि if.
सम्यक् well, properly.
Exercise XVI.
गौर्गौः कामदुघा* सम्यक् प्रयुक्ता स्मर्यते बुधैः
।
दुष्प्रयुक्ता पुनर्गोत्वं प्रयोक्तुः सै़व शंसति ॥ ५
॥
* Predicate. Play upon words throughout the
verse.
13. By Ṛṣabhadatta, son-in-law of Nahapāna, many cattle
and villages and much money were given to the
Brāhmans.
14. Thou shalt give the mother's jewels to the sisters
(opt. or imv.).
15. Let the coachman bring (आ-हृ) fodder for the horses;
let him not torment the horses.
16. Of the father's property a greater part is to be given
(imv.) to the eldest of the brothers.
17. "Children, bring wood and water into the house daily";
thus was the father's command.
18. Let the cows graze in the forest.
19. Let both live on the milk (instr.) of the black
cow.
20. The wagon is drawn by two steers. 21. The seer
rejoices over the pair (instr.) of white
steers.
22.Hari and Śiva marry two sisters, the daughters of
Rāma.