Perry, A Sanskrit Primer

Lesson X.  

168. Verbs. Passive Inflection.

A certain form of present-stem, inflected with middle endings, is used only with a passive meaning, and is formed from all roots for which there is occasion to make a passive conjugation. Its sign is an accented य yá added to the root, without any reference to the classes according to which the active and middle forms are made. The inflection is precisely like that of other a-stems. Thus, तन्ये tanyé, तन्यसे tanyáse, तन्यते tanyáte, etc.

第10课

168. 动词。被动变化。

有一种形式的现在词干，以中动词尾来变化，只用作被动意义，由可构成被动变位的所有词根来构成。它的标志是一个加在词根上的重读य yá，而与构成主动和中动形式的类别无关。其屈折变化一如其他a词干。从而，तन्ये tanyé, तन्यसे tanyáse, तन्यते tanyáte等等。

169. Outside the present-system middle forms may be used in a passive sense; but there is a special form for the aor. pass. in the 3rd sing.

169. 在现在系统之外，中动形式可用作被动意义；但是不定过去被动第3人称单数有一种特殊形式。

170. The form of root to which the passive-sign is appended is usually a weak one. Thus a penultimate nasal is dropped; and certain abbreviations which are made in the weak forms of the perfect, or in the past passive participle, are found also in the passive present-system. E.g. from अञ्ज्, pass. अज्यते; from बन्ध्, बध्यते.

170.被动标志通常添加到词根的弱式上。从而倒数第二的鼻音脱落；而在完成时的弱式中、或在过去被动分词中进行的某些缩略，在被动现在系统中也能看到。例如：从अञ्ज्，构成被动अज्यते；从बन्ध्，构成被动बध्यते。

171. In the roots वच्, वद्, वप्, वस्, वह्, and स्वप्, the व va becomes उ u in the pres.; thus, उच्यते, उप्यते, उष्यते (see note to §102), सुप्यते. Similarly, यज् makes इज्यते, and ग्रह् and प्रछ् make गृह्यते and पृच्छ्यते; शास् makes शिष्यते.

171. 在词根वच्、वद्、वप्、वस्、वह्、和स्वप्中，व va在现在时中变为उ u；从而，उच्यते、（AbyssThinIce注：原文缺“उद्यते,”）उप्यते、उष्यते（见§102注）、（AbyssThinIce注：原文缺“उह्यते,”）सुप्यते。类似地，यज्构成इज्यते，而ग्रह्和प्रछ्构成गृह्यते和पृच्छ्यते；शास्构成शिष्यते。

172. Final इ and उ of roots are generally lengthened; thus, जि, जीयते; स्तु, स्तूयते.

172. 词根的末尾इ和उ一般延长；从而，जि，जीयते；स्तु，स्तूयते。

173. Final ऋ is in general changed to रि; thus, कृ, क्रियते; but if preceded by two consonants it takes guṇa; thus, स्मृ, स्मर्यते. The roots in "variable ṛ", which the natives write with ॠ ṝ, change ऋ to ईर्, or, if a labial letter precede, to ऊर्; thus, तृ, तीर्यते; कृ, 'strew', कीर्यते; but पृ, पूर्यते.

173. 末尾ऋ一般变为रि；从而，कृ, क्रियते；但是如果前面有两个辅音，则它采用完整级；从而，स्मृ, स्मर्यते。以“可变ṛ”（印度人写作ॠ ṝ）结尾的词根将ऋ变为ईर्，或者如果前面有唇音字母，则变为ऊर्；从而，तृ，तीर्यते；कृ‘散布’，कीर्यते；但是पृ，पूर्यते。

174. Final आ of roots is usually changed to ई; thus, दा, दीयते; गा, गीयते; धा, धीयते. But ध्या makes ध्यायते; and so some other roots in आ.

176. 致使变化的动词、和以अय结尾的名动词通过将य加到脱落了अय的致使或名动词干上来构成它们的被动式；从而，चोर्यते‘被偷’；गण्यते‘被数’。

177. The personal passive construction, with the logical subject in the instrumental, is particularly common with transitive verbs; and not less so the impersonal passive construction, both with transitive and intransitive verbs. Thus, नरेण स्वर्गो लभ्यते 'Heaven is reached by the man'; आगम्यते 'one comes hither'; सुप्यते 'one sleeps'; शूयते 'it is heard', i.e. 'they say'. The predicate to the instrumental subject of such a construction is of course also instrumental; thus, रामेणर्षिणा जीव्यते 'Rāma lives as a seer'. 

177. 逻辑主语为具格的人称被动结构在及物动词中特别常见；无人称被动结构在及物和不及物动词中亦都不少见。从而，नरेण स्वर्गो लभ्यते‘天堂被人到达’；आगम्यते‘有人到这儿’；सुप्यते‘有人睡觉’；शूयते‘听说’，即‘人们说’。这种结构的具格主语的表语当然也是具格；从而，रामेणर्षिणा‘罗摩作为先知而生活’。