Conjugation-Classes.
72. Of
the whole conjugation, the present-system is the important and
prominent part. Its forms are very much more frequent than those of
all the other systems together. As there is also great variety in
the manner in which different roots form their present-stems, this,
as being their most conspicuous difference, is made the basis of
their principal classification; and a verb is said to be of this or
that conjugation, or class, according to the way in which its
present-stem is made.
变位类
72. 在整个变位中，现在系统是重要和突出的部分。其形式比所有其他系统的形式加起来还常见得多。由于不同词根构成它们的现在词干的方式也多种多样，所以这既然是它们最显著的区别，也就作为它们的主要分类基础；动词根据构成其现在词干的方式，被说成属于这种或那种变位或类。
73. Of these
conjugation-classes there are nine, including the passive, which is
really a present-system only. The first five exhibit coincidences
enough to justify their inclusion into one conjugation, and the
remaining four will compose likewise a second conjugation. The
chief distinctions between the two groups are as
follows:
73. 这些变位类有九种，包括被动式，它其实只是一种现在系统。前五类足够相似，可以包括在一组变位中，而其余四类也同样组成第二组变位。两组的主要差别如下：
74. In
the first,
the classes have in common, as their fundamental characteristic, a
shift of accent: the tone is now upon the personal ending, now upon
the root or the class-sign. Along with this goes a variation in the
stem itself, which has a stronger, or fuller, form when the accent
rests upon it, and a weaker, or briefer form when the accent is on
the ending. We distinguish these forms as the strong and the weak
stem-forms respectively.
74. 在第一组中，各类共同的基本特征是重音转移：声调时而在人称词尾上，时而在词根或类标上。随之词根本身也发生变化，当重音落在其上时，具有较强或较完整的形式，而当重音在词尾上时，具有较弱或较简短的形式。我们将这些形式分别称为强词干形式和弱词干形式。
75. In
the second conjugation, on the
contrary, the accent has a fixed place, remaining always upon the
same syllable of the stem, and never being shifted to the endings;
and the distinction of strong and weak forms is unknown. Moreover,
the present-stem of every verb in the four classes of this
conjugation ends in अ a. There are also
other points of difference.
75. 在第二组变位中，相反，重音有固定的位置，总是停留在词干的同一音节上，而从不转移到词尾上；没有强式和弱式的区别。此外，这组变位的四类中的每个动词的现在词干都以अ a结尾。其他不同点也是有的。
76. The classification
current among the Hindu, and hitherto among the European,
grammarians comprises ten conjugation-classes, arranged according
to no intelligible principle whatever. The native
"tenth class" is really no present-class at all, but a causative,
i.e. a derivative conjugation, which extends beyond the limits of
the present-system. Probably the fact that by no means all
conjugation-stems formed by the causative sign had really a
causative value induced the natives to adopt such a present-class.
The Hindu scheme also quite omits the passive.
76. 印度和迄今欧洲的语法学家中通行的分类包括十个变位类，排列得杂乱无章。印度“第十类”其实根本不是现在类，而是致使式，即一种派生变位，它延伸到现在系统的界限以外。或许是因为用致使标志构成的变位词干绝非全都真的具有致使涵义，才使得印度人吸纳了这样一种现在类。印度体系也排除了被动式。
77. The Hindu first,
sixth, fourth, and tenth classes form the so-called first
conjugation of their scheme, which corresponds, except as regards
the tenth class, with our second conjugation. The remainder of the
classes form the natives' second conjugation, which agrees in the
main with our first.
77. 印度第一、六、四、和十类构成他们体系中的所谓第一组变位，除第十类外，对应于我们的第二组变位。其余类构成印度第二组变位，与我们的第一组大体一致。
78. The classes are
then as follows:
78. 于是各类如下：
First Conjugation.
I. The
root-class (second
or ad-class, of the Hindus); its
present-stem is coincident with the root itself; thus,
अद् ad, 'eat';
इ i 'go';
द्विष् dviṣ, 'hate'.
第一组变位
I.
词根类（印度第二或ad类）；其现在词干与词根本身等同；从而，अद् ad‘吃’；इ i‘去’；द्विष् dviṣ‘恨’。
II. The reduplicating
class (third
or hu-class) ; the root is reduplicated
to form the present-stem; thus,
जुहु juhu from
√हु hu, 'sacrifice';
ददा dadā from
√दा dā,
'give'.
（AbyssThinIce注：红色部分是译者补上的。下同。）
II.
重复类（第三或hu类）；重复词根以构成现在词干；从而，जुहु juhu来自√हु hu‘祭祀’；ददा dadā来自√दा dā‘给’。
III. The nasal
class (seventh
or rudh-class); a nasal, extended to the
syllable न na [ण ṇa]
in strong forms, is inserted before the final consonant of the
root; thus,
रुन्ध् rundh (or
रुणध् ruṇadh) from
रुध् rudh, 'hinder'.
III.
鼻音类（第七或rudh类）；将鼻音插入到词根的末尾辅音之前，该鼻音在强式中扩展为音节न na [ण ṇa]；从而，रुन्ध् rundh（或रुणध् ruṇadh）来自रुध् rudh‘阻挠’。
IV. a.
The nu-class (fifth
or su-class); the syllable
नु nu is added to the
root; thus,
सुनु sunu from
√सु su, 'press.'
IV.
a. nu类（第五或su类）；将音节नु nu加到词根上；从而，सुनु sunu来自√सु su‘压榨’。
b. A very
small number of roots (only half-a-dozen) ending already in
न् n, and also one very common and
irregularly inflected root not so ending
(कृ kṛ, 'make'), add
उ u alone to form the
present-stem. This is the eighth
or tan-class of the Hindu grammarians; it
is best ranked as a sub-class,
the u-class; thus,
तनु tanu from
√तन् tan, 'stretch.'
b. 很少数词根（只有六个）已经以न् n结尾，还有一个非常普通的不规则变化词根不以न् n结尾（कृ kṛ‘做’），它们只加उ u来构成现在词干。这是印度语法学家的第八类或tan类；它最好列为一个子类，u类；从而तनु tanu来自√तन् tan‘伸展’。
[AbyssThinIce注]
除kṛ外，加的实际上还是nu。例如tanu中的a其实来自元音化了的n（n̥）：tanu<*tn̥nu。
kṛ也是从nu类转来的。
详见http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_verbs，
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_infix。
V.
The nā-class (ninth
or krī-class); the syllable
ना nā (or, in weak
forms, नी nī) is added to the root; thus,
क्रीणा krīṇā (or
क्रीणी krīṇī) from
√क्री krī, 'buy'. See note**,
p.32.
V. nā类（第九或krī类）；将音节ना nā（或，在弱式中，नी nī）加到词根上；从而，क्रीणा krīṇā（或क्रीणी krīṇī）来自√क्री krī‘买’。见p.32注**。
Second Conjugation.
VI.
The a-class, or
unaccented a-class (first
or bhū-class); the added class-sign
is a simply; and the
root, which bears the accent, is strengthened
by guṇa throughout, if
it be capable of
taking guṇa (see §§52--53);
thus, भव bháva (through
the intermediate stage bhó-a) from
√भू bhū, 'be.'
第二组变位
VI. a类，或非重读a类（第一或bhū类）；只加类标a；带重音的词根只要能够采用完整级，就全都通过完整级来强化（见§§52--53）；从而भव bháva（经过中间阶段bhó-a）来自√भू bhū‘是’。
[AbyssThinIce注]
所谓“经过中间阶段bhó-a”的说法大概是不符合史实的。史实应该是：辅音前的au（av的变体）变为o，元音前的av始终保持不变。
印度传统词根形式有重大缺陷。现代历史比较语言学一般认为guṇa是基本级，构拟的印欧语词根一般都相当于这一级。guṇa弱化则成为大多数印度词根采用的这一级，guṇa强化则成为vṛddhi这一级。印度词根中a在半元音之后的，采用的其实是guṇa这一级。
按照现代历史比较语言学，将guṇa暂译为“完整级”（full
grade）；将大多数印度词根采用的这一级称为“零级”（zero
grade）；将vṛddhi译为延长级（lengthened grade）。
VII.
The á-class, or
accented a-class (sixth
or tud-class); the added class-sign
is a, as in the preceding class; but it
has the accent, and the unaccented root is not strengthened
by guṇa; thus,
तुद tudá from
√तुद् tud, 'thrust.'
VII. á类或重读a类（第六或tud类）；加类标a，如前类。但是它有重音，而不重读的词根不通过完整级来强化；从而，तुद tudá来自√तुद् tud‘袭击’。
VIII.
The ya-class (fourth
or div-class); ya is
added to the root, which has the accent; thus,
दीव्य dīvya from
√दीव् dīv (by the Hindus
given as दिव् div), 'play.'
VIII. ya类（第四或div类）；将ya加到具有重音的词根上；从而，दीव्य dīvya来自√दीव् dīv（印度人给作दिव् div）‘玩’。
IX. The passive conjugation
is also properly a
present-system only, having a class-sign
which is not extended into the
other systems; though it differs
markedly from the remaining
classes in having a specific meaning,
and in being formable from all transitive verbs, but with
endings of the middle voice only. It
forms its
stem by adding an
accented yá to the root;
thus, from
√अद् ad, अद्य adyá;
from √रुध् rudh,
रुध्य rudhyá.
IX. 被动变位严格说来也只是一种现在系统，具有不延伸到其他系统中的类标；尽管它与其余类的显著区别在于具有特有的意义，并且能够从所有及物动词构成，但却只用中动态的词尾。它通过将重读的yá加到词根上来构成其词干；从而，从√अद् ad,
构成अद्य adyá；从√रुध् rudh，构成रुध्य rudhyá。
[AbyssThinIce注]
维基百科论述梵语动词甚详，可参：
Sanskrit
verbs（英文版）：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_verbs
79. Roots are not
wholly limited, even in the later
language, to one
mode of formation of their present-stem, but are
sometimes reckoned as belonging to two or more different
conjugation-classes.
79. 即使在后期梵语中，词根也不完全限于一种构成其现在词干的方式，而是有时认为属于两个或更多个不同的变位类。
80. The verbs of our
second conjugation show much greater simplicity of formation and inflection and are
far more frequent and numerous than those of our first; their
paradigms will therefore be
given before those of our first.
80. 我们的第二组变位的动词比我们的第一组变位的动词的构成和屈折变化简单得多，并且出现频率和数量也大得多；因此在给出我们的第一组变位的词形变化表之前，先给出第二组变位的动词的词形变化表。
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