英语讲座/讲话结构特点
开头:介绍背景,概述主题,列出提纲;
主体:多种手法,详论分点;
结尾:总结,呼吁,补充,互动。
英语讲座/讲话是演讲者/讲话者用英语传授知识,发表见解等的特殊口语形式,具有自身的结构特点。六级考生如果对其结构缺乏一定的了解,听讲座/讲话时可能会错过重要信息,影响答题效果。
英语讲座/讲话跟其他听力篇章一样,一般也由开头,主体,结尾三部分组成,符合“总(概述)——分(详论)——总(总结)”的整体布局,不过每部分内部的具体构成与一般听力篇章还是有所区别。
英语讲座/讲话的开头常包括:开场寒暄,演讲者/讲话人介绍(姓名、身份、成就等),提出并概述主题,列出讲座/讲话提纲(暨提出分话题)等。由于听力测试时长的限制,开场寒暄和演讲者/讲话人介绍常会在试题中省略。主题概述最为重要,往往是讲座/讲话必不可少的部分,而且分话题或分论点也常会涵盖在主题概述之中。在较为正式的场合,讲座开始前,会有主持人先介绍主讲人并简要说明讲座主题。另外,如果是系列讲座,讲座开篇通常还有对之前讲座内容的回顾。
以下结合CET官网公布的调整后听力试题样题予以说明:
I’d like to look at a vital aspect of e-commerce, and that is the nature of the product or service. There are certain products and services that are very suitable for selling online, and others that simply don’t work.
这是样题讲座/讲话部分第三篇的第一段,选自英国文化协会“British Council”所提供的内容,是一篇较典型的讲座稿。讲演者开门见山点明主题“a vital aspect of e-commerce”,“the nature of the product or service”,并紧接着概述主题内容“There are certain products and services that are very suitable for selling online, and others that simply don’t work”,其中也提示了分话题分别关于“products”和“services”。
Moderator:
Hello Ladies and Gentleman, it gives me great pleasure to introduce our keynote speaker for today’s session, Dr. Howard Miller. Dr. Miller, Professor of Sociology at Washington University, has written numerous articles and books on the issues facing older Americans in our graying society for the past 15 years.
Dr. Miller:
Thank you for that introduction. Today, I’d like to preface my remarks with a story from my own life which I feel highlights the common concerns that bring us here together…
这是样题第一篇的开头部分,这篇讲话选自新托福考试原题。这份样题包括了主讲人讲话前“Moderator”的寒暄与介绍,分别介绍了主讲人的姓名“Dr. Howard Miller”,身份“Professor of Sociology at Washington University”,研究领域与成果“numerous articles and books on the issues facing older Americans in our graying society for the past 15 years”。主讲人的信息可看作是讲座的背景,从背景信息中常能推测出讲座的内容。主讲人的研究领域通常与他所做的讲座或讲话有关。主讲人紧接着说的“the common concerns”印证了我们的推测——本次讲话的主题是“the issues facing older Americans in our graying society”。
这篇样题其实是一段更长讲话的节选,从录音内容,特别是结尾处的“First of all, I’d like to talk about . . .”,我们可以推断整段录音应该是这段讲话的开头。相比第三篇的演讲,讲话要更加随意一些,讲话人也并没有直接阐明主题,而是以“my grandparents”的切身经历为例,娓娓道来,引人入胜。讲话人先大略回顾了之前讲座的内容“many of the lectures given at this conference have focused on the issues of pension reform, medical care, and the development of public facilities for senior citizens”,又强调了此次讲座的意义 “an important issue that will affect the overall success of the other programs mentioned”,之后终于点明讲座的主题内容 “changing our perspectives on what it means to be a part of this group, and finding meaningful roles the elderly can play and should play in our societies”。可以说这段讲话开头所提供的背景信息还是比较丰富的。
The 2010 Global Hunger Index report was released today by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). It notes that, in recent years, experts have come to the conclusion that undernourishment between conception and a child’s second birthday can have serious and long-lasting impacts.
样题第二篇选自VOA,从形式上看很像一篇报道,但纵观全文就能知道,这段录音其实是精简并改写了某位专家的讲话。这篇样题也是开宗明义直述主题“undernourishment between conception and a child’s second birthday can have serious and long-lasting impacts”。
通过分析样题不难发现,讲座/讲话一开头就会概述主题内容,揭示整体结构。开头部分的各个成分增删有度、相互交织,都是为了达到一个目的——便于听众了解讲座主旨,把握讲座内容发展的逻辑脉络。提出并概述主题其实就是向听众表明即将传递的信息。讲座/讲话的开头在某种程度上类似于新闻报道的导语,都包含了最重要的信息。可以说,听懂开头对理解讲座/讲话能起到事半功倍的效果。
英语讲座/讲话的主体:将主题细分为分话题,用例子、数据、专家言论等详细论述分话题,最后对分话题内容进行小结。在讲座开头提出并概述主题之后,演讲者/讲话人就会用大段篇幅论证主题。为了便于听众理解与接受,演讲者通常会将讲座主题进一步细化为多个分话题或分论点,以更好地组织讲座内容。演讲者有时会在讲座开头以列提纲的方式将分话题集中提出,有时则会跳过这一部分直接进入讲座主体,将一个分话题论述清楚后再提出另一个。对主题的论证是整个讲座的重中之重,是最必不可少的部分。
而在论述分话题时,演讲者/讲话人会使用举例子,列数据,引用权威专家观点等多种方法。其中举例法最为常用,例子能让抽象的理论变具体,生涩的概念变生动。演讲者能以物为例,就是列出名词或名词词组;也能举事为例,描述一段事件。
我们简单认识一下常用的论证方法:
举例:为了论证观点,有时光说理不行,需要列举通俗易懂又有代表性的实例,让抽象的问题具体化。通常后接排比的词或句。
比较:分对比和类比。对比是把对立的双方放在一起比较,利于彰显事物的矛盾与差异,突出事物的本质特征,给人以深刻的印象。类比则是把相似的对象进行比较类推。对比论证的运用更普遍一些。
数据:摘取数据让论据更确凿、客观,使人信服。
引用:引用格言典故、名家观点等,来增强说服力,使论证更充分,且具启发性。
我们又以样题为例。先看样题第三篇:
演讲者先在开头提出并概述主题“There are certain products and services that are very suitable for selling online, and others that simply don’t work”。然后演讲者将“certain”细化成几个分点:“suitable products generally have a high value-to-weight ratio”;“digital products…can be sold in a purely virtual environment”;“many successful virtual companies provide digital services such as financial transactions…or means of communication”;“products which are potentially embarrassing to buy also do well in the virtual environment”。“products [with] a high value-to-weight ratio”、“digital products”、“digital services”和“products…potentially embarrassing to buy”作为四个分话题构成了讲座的主体。
演讲者在论述分话题时主要使用了举例法。在说明“products [with] a high value-to-weight ratio”时,举了“CDs and DVDs”、“Books”、“Laptop computers”, 而且还用“the success of Amazon”特别支撑“Books”;讲解“digital products”以“software, films and music”为例;论述“digital services”则举“Paypal”和“Skype”为例,“Skype”还被特别强调;又用“sex-related products or services”和“online gambling”为例说明“products…potentially embarrassing to buy”。
再看样题第二篇:
这篇样题将Marie Ruel的讲话改写成了报道,由于新闻报道力求精练,这篇经过了“再加工”的讲话结构就不像第一篇和第三篇样题那么清晰。不过我们仍然可以分析出,Ruel大致将自己的讲话主题分解成了两个分话题:第一、婴儿头1000天若营养不良会严重且持续地影响其后的成长与发展,第二、解决婴儿营养不良问题需要包括科学家、政治家、执行者等在内的社会各界人士通力合作。
Ruel在阐述第一个分话题时分别从正反两面出发,运用了对比的论证手法。先说“Undernourishment during this approximately 1,000-day window can seriously check the growth and development of children and render them more likely to get sick and die than well-fed children”,从“check”(这里应理解为“减缓/slow down”)到“get sick”再到“die”,程度逐渐加深,后果愈发严重,其中的逻辑顺序非常清晰;接着又从另一面着手,说明解决婴儿营养不良所带来的好结果,反证他的观点 “preventing hunger allows children to develop both physically and mentally”,Ruel依照时间顺序,先说婴儿期营养充足者学校里的表现,“‘…more likely to perform well in school…stay in school longer’”,后说他们毕业后职场上的优势,并引用数据作为支撑:“‘And then at adulthood, IFPRI has actually demonstrated that children who were better nourished have higher wages, by a pretty large margin, by 46 percent’”。Ruel在小结这个分话题时将其升华:“the productivity of a nation’s future generations depends in a large part on the first 1,000 days of life”。
后文中转折关系连词“but”的出现暗示话题转换,Ruel将讲话重点切换到第二个分话题,“scientific consensus alone will not solve the problem”,并进一步说明:“‘It’s not enough that nutritionists know you have to intervene then, if we don’t have the politicians on board, and also the...people that implement [programs] in the field.’”Ruel还使用了国家、组织具体的措施与成效作为例证:“Many major donors and the United Nations are targeting hunger-relief programs at pregnant women and young children”,“…in the 1980s Thailand was able to reduce child undernourishment by recruiting a large number of volunteers to travel the countryside teaching about health and nutrition”,相关描述也比较详尽。
如上文所述,第一篇样题整个都算是开头部分,讲话的主体并未出现在录音中。不过在引出主题的过程中,讲话人以事件为例,即吸引了听众的注意,又先行诠释了之后提出的主题。这也是举例法的典型运用:
Several years ago when my grandparents were well into their eighties, they were faced with the reality of no longer being able to adequately care for themselves. My grandfather spoke of his greatest fear, that of leaving the only home they had known for the past 60 years. Fighting back the tears, he spoke proudly of the fact that he had built their home from the ground up, and that he had pounded every nail and laid every brick in the process. The prospect of having to sell their home and give up their independence, and move into a retirement home was an extremely painful experience for them. It was, in my grandfather’s own words, like having a limb cut off. He exclaimed in a forceful manner that he felt he wasn’t important anymore.
综合三篇样题的分析,我们知道,讲座/讲话的主体就是将演讲主题分解成分话题或子论点,再逐条论述。这部分层次最复杂,内容也最丰富。论述过程中演讲者往往会使用举例、对比等多种方法,以使自己的立论更坚实,观点更有说服力。如果说讲座/讲话的开头部分偏重听懂大意,那么主体部分的听力则还要兼顾细节。
英语讲座/讲话的结尾常包括:总结,展望或呼吁,补充,致谢,互动等。演讲者在论述完主题后,常会总结全文——概括要点,重申主题,甚至会将主题升华到更高的层次。我们之前提到的分话题小结可能会在结尾处集中出现,共同构成全文总结。总结之后,演讲者有时会结合主题展望未来,针对讲座讨论的问题提出对应的解决方案,给出自己的处理建议。受时间等客观条件所限,讲座对主题的探讨不可能面面俱到,有些跟主题相关但不太重要的信息,演讲者并不将其置于讲座主体中详细探讨。但如果演讲者认为听众对这些信息有必要了解一二,他可能会在结尾处稍加提及。讲座行将结束时演讲者还会感谢听众的参与。因为讲座结尾篇幅有限,上述成分常会彼此渗透,次序也可能有所变化。此外,在主讲人结束自己的演讲或讲话后,通常还有一个听众提问的互动环节,问题一般跟讲座主题有关。不过出于听力时长的考虑,这个互动环节往往不会保留在录音中。
我们分别结合样题二和样题三来分析:
Ruel says countries may take different approaches to reducing child undernutrition. But she says nations will not make progress fighting hunger and poverty until they begin to focus on those critical first thousand days.
样题二的结尾中,Ruel先总结并展望未来“countries may take different approaches to reducing child undernutrition”,然后又将讲话主题上升到一个新高度“nations will not make progress fighting hunger and poverty until they begin to focus on those critical first thousand days”,把她着重论述的婴儿营养问题与国家发展联系起来。
样题三的结尾主要是对讲座主体内容做必要的补充。
Products which are usually considered unsuitable for selling online include those that have a taste or smell component. Food, especially fresh food, falls into this category, along with perfume. Clothes and other items that need to be tried on such as diamond rings and gold necklaces are generally not suited to virtual retailing, and, of course, items with a low value-to-weight ratio.
There are exceptions, though. Online grocery shopping has really taken off, with most major supermarkets offering the service. The inconvenience of not being able to see the food you are buying is outweighed by the time saved and convenience of having the goods delivered. Typical users of online supermarkets include the elderly, people who work long hours and those without their own transport.
我们已经知道,这台讲座主要探讨适合网上销售的商品及服务,演讲者完成主体部分的讲述后,自然要提一下讲座主题的反面,即那些不适合网购的产品,“those that have a taste or smell component”、“clothes and items that need to be tried”、“items with a low value-to-weight ratio”,不过此处只有简略的罗列。
演讲者最后还补充了一个特例“online grocery shopping”、“online supermarkets”,按照之前提出的评判标准,这类商品本不适合网络销售,但却发展迅速“online grocery shopping has really taken off”。当然演讲者还是简要提及了原因:“the inconvenience of not being able to see the food you are buying is outweighed by the time saved and convenience of having the goods delivered”,“online grocery shopping”、“online supermarkets”这类服务满足了特定人群的寻求“the elderly, people who work long hours and those without their own transport”。
可见,无论是总结还是补充,讲座/讲话结尾处的内容主要是为了让听众更确切、更全面的理解讲座主题。演讲者在讲话结束前将发散开的思路聚拢,让分解的话题或论点再度融合,又一次向听众展现讲座全貌。通过再次突出主题,确保听众能把握讲座的重点。在理解前文(讲座/讲话开头,主体)的基础上听懂讲座/讲话结尾,对正确理解讲座主旨大意至关重要。
总结:上述三大部分构成了英语讲座/讲话的整体结构,帮助演讲者达成自己的交际目的。演讲者首先提出讲座主题,提示讲座结构,接着围绕主题进行讲解论述,最后对讲授内容做出总结与评价。讲座/讲话中有些成分必不可少,有些则可有可无,各成分也未必按线性依次排列,可能相互交织、渗透,形成网状结构,各成分的排列顺序也根据具体情况有所变化。但无论如何,演讲者的目的是不变的——让听众更深刻、全面地掌握讲座内容。
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