1.1.  New words

1)    Longitudinal study 纵向研究

a)     A longitudinal study is a correlational research study that involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time — often many decades. It is a type of observational study.

2)    Inextricably /ˌɪn.ɪkˈstrɪk.ə.bl̩/

a)     unable to be separated, released or escaped from 分不开的；无法摆脱的；无法逃离的

3)   looking-glass self

a)   对自己的评价、态度等等，是反映自我的一面“镜子”，个人通过这面“镜子”认识和把握自己。因此，人的自我是通过与他人的相互作用形成的

1.2.  Questions

问题分析：

两篇匹配题：

Which paragraph contains the following information

Who says what. 所以在做第一个题型的时候把名字标记下来。

另一个题型是 FILL GAP.  How children acquire a sense of identity.

1.2.1.  Which paragraph contains the following information(14-19)

NB: You may use any letter more than once.

这意味着有一段里包含两个信息。

(14) an account of the method used by researchers in a particular study

G Lewis and Brooks-Gunn dabbed some red powder on the noses of children who were playing in front of a mirror.

(15) the role ofimitationin developing a sense of identity

C Another powerful source of information for infants about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them.

(16) the age at which children can usually identify a static image of themselves

G This recognition occurs around their second birthday.

(17) a reason for the limitations of scientific research into ‘self-as-subject’

D because of difficulties of communication. 

(18) reference to a possible link between culture and a particularform of behaviour

H 最后一句：Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of ‘self’ and of ‘ownership’ is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies.

(19) examples of the wide range of features that contribute to thesense of self-object.

E such as student, brother, colleague

1.2.2.  Match each finding with the correct researcher (20-23)

20  Asense of identity can never be formed without relationships with other people.

E段F段 都讲 self-object. Mead went even further, and saw the self and the social world as inextricably bound up together. “ … it arises in social experience…. It is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social experience.

21 A child’s awareness of self is related to a sense of mastery over things and people.

B 段：Cooley suggested that a sense of the self-as –suject was primarily concerned with being able to exercise power. .. control physical objects, attempts to affect the behaviour of other people.

22 At a certain age, children’s sense of identity leads to aggressive behaviour.

H段：Bronson found that…. Often, the children’s disagreements involved a struggle over a toy..

23 Observing their own reflection contributes to children’s self awareness.

C段：Lewis and Brooks-Gunn suggest that infants’ developing understanding that movements they see in the mirroe are contingent on their own, leads to growing awareness that they are distinct from other people.

1.2.3.   How children acquire a sense of identity

B段： First, children come to realise that they can have an effect on the world around them, for example by handling objects, or causing the image to move when thay face a mirror.(C段) This aspect of self-awareness is difficult to research directly, because of communication problems（D段）.

Secondly, children start to become aware of how they are viewed by others. One important stage in this process is the visual recognition of themselves which usually occurs when they reach the age of two. In Western societies at least, the development of self awareness is often linked to a sense of ownership (H段最后一句)， and can lead to disputes.