第六十二课

 

一．生词和短语精讲与拓展

 

(一) control noun; verb

       n. 1. [U] ~ of /over sb/sth （对国家、地区、机构等的）管理权；控制权；支配权

              The school is under his control. 学校处于他的控制之下。

         2. [U] ~ of /over sb/sth控制（或操纵）能力

              The teachers should have control over their students. 老师对学生应该有控制能力。

         3. [U.C.] ~ of/on sth (常构成复合词) 限制；限定；约束；管理；管制

              traffic control 交通管制

              A new advance has been made in the control of air pollution. 在控制空气污染方面已经取得新的进展。

     [idm] be in control of sth 掌管；管理；控制；操纵（某机构、地区或局势）

                be/get/run, etc out of control 无法管理；失去控制

                be under control 被控制住；处于控制之下

                bring/get/keep sth under control 控制住，抑制住（不造成损害）

 

    vt. 指挥；控制；掌管；支配

                The children are now controlled by their parents. 孩子们现在由父母管住。

     

(二）smoke n. [U] the grey, white or black gas produced by sth burning 烟 cigarette smoke 香烟产生的烟；[idm] go up in smoke 被烧毁；被烧光

                v. 1. 吸（烟）；抽（烟）

                     How many cigarettes do you smoke every day? 你每天抽多少香烟？

                     2. [v] 冒烟 the smoking remains of burnt-out cars 烧毁的车辆还在冒烟的残骸

                     3. [常用被动] 熏制（肉或鱼）smoked salmon 熏鲑鱼

       smokeless adj. 无烟的

 

(三）desolate adj.

1. (地方) empty and without people, making you feel sad or frightened 无人居住的；荒无人烟的；荒凉的 a bleak and desolate landscape 一片荒凉的景色

2. very lonely and unhappy 孤独凄凉的；不幸的；忧伤的

desolation noun [U] (formal)

1.       the feeling of being very lonely and unhappy 孤寂；悲哀；忧伤

2.       the state of a place that is ruined or destroyed and offers no joy or hope to people 废墟；荒芜；凄凉 a scene of utter desolation 满目疮痍的景象

 

(四) threaten verb

1. ~sb with sth. 扬言要；威胁；恐吓

    The enemy broke our cars and threatened us. 敌人砸坏了我们的汽车并恐吓我们。

2.       预示凶兆；有…危险

The clouds threatened rain. 乌云预示着下雨。

3.       危及；对…构成威胁 [SYN endanger; put at risk]

Obviously, the climate change is threatening the life of people on earth. 显然，气候变化在威胁着地球上人们的生活。

       threatening adj. expressing a threat of harm or violence 威胁的；恐吓的 threatening letters 恐吓信 threatening behavior 恐吓行为

       threateningly adv.

       threat noun

1.       [U.C] 威胁；恐吓

2.       [U. C usually sing] 凶兆；征兆

3.       [C. usually sing] ~ to sth 构成威胁的人；形成威胁的事物

Drugs pose a major threat to our society. 毒品对社会构成巨大威胁。

 

 (五) surrounding adj. (仅用于名词前) 周围的；附近的 surrounding areas 附近区域

      surroundings n. [pl.] 环境 [SYN environment]

surround vt.

1. ~ sth./sb with sth. 围绕；环绕 The lake is surrounded by green trees. 这个湖绿树环绕。

2. ~ sb./sth. with sb./sth. (使)包围；围住 Soldiers surrounded the building. 士兵们围住了这座楼。

 

(六) destruction noun [U] 摧毁；毁灭；破坏 the destruction of the rainforests 对热带雨林的破坏；weapons of mass destruction 大规模杀伤性武器

       destructive adj. causing destruction or damage 引起破坏（或毁灭）的；破坏（或毁灭）性的 the destructive effects of anxiety 焦虑的破坏性影响

       destructively adv.

       destroy vt.

1. 摧毁；毁灭；破坏

       The shop building was destroyed completely by fire. 商店大楼被大火彻底烧毁了。

       2. (因动物有病或不再需要而) 杀死；消灭；人道毁灭

 

(七) flood noun; verb

       n. 1. [C.U.] 洪水；水灾

              The continuous rain has caused floods in the south of the country. 连续不断的下雨已经在南方造成水灾。

2.       [C] ~ of sth 大批，大量（的人或事物）

A flood of complaints have been sent to the manager.

a flood of refugees 难民潮

       v. 1. （使）灌满水；淹没

         2. 泛滥；淹没

         3. [v] ~ in/into/out of sth 大量涌入；蜂拥而出

 

(八) spray v. ~ sth on/onto/over sb/sth; ~ sb/sth with sth 喷；喷洒；向…喷洒

       The crops are regularly sprayed with pesticide. 庄稼定期喷洒杀虫剂。

 

(九) root noun

       n. 1. [C] 根；根茎

         2. [C] 根；根部

         3. [C. usually sing.] 根源；起因

              The police have found out the root of the case.

         take root 1. 生根；2. (思想) 植根；深入人心

       rooted adj. ~ in sth 根源在于；由…产生

              Her behavior is deeply rooted in her childhood experiences. 她的行为根源在于童年时期的经历。

 

(十) blacken verb

    1. (使)变黑

              The walls were blackened by the smoke. 墙壁被烟熏黑了。

2.       vt. ~ sb’s name/reputation/character 抹黑；丑化；败坏…的名誉

The actress accused them of attempting to blacken her name. 女演员指控他们企图败坏她的名誉。

 

二．课文精讲

 

1. Firemen had been fighting the forest fire for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control. 消防队员们与森林大火搏斗了将近三个月才将火势控制住。

    本句为主从复合句，包含before 引导的时间状语从句；主句中使用过去完成进行时，从句采用一般过去时，强调两个动作有先后。

 

2. Now, smoke still rose up from the warm ground over the desolate hills. 现在，整个荒凉的山坡上，发热的地面还在冒着烟雾。

  Rise 为不及物动词，意思很多：上升；攀升；提高；（太阳、月亮）升起；（数量）增长；增加；提高；起床；起立；站起来。

 

3. Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction, for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well. 冬天就要到了，山坡的情况使周围村庄面临毁灭的风险，因为，大雨不仅会将土壤冲走，还会引起严重的水灾。

本句为并列句，由for连接，含有因果关系，for 表示原因时，句子不能放在句首；come on： 逐渐开始；not only…but…as well, 连接并列谓语；threaten…with…：“以…威胁/恐吓”，“预示”，“是…的征兆，有…危险”。

 

4. When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed which would grow quickly. 大火最终扑灭时，森林管理部门订购了几吨特殊品种的草籽，这些草籽会迅速生长。

本句包含时间状语从句，从句中使用过去完成时的被动语态，还有一个定语从句which would grow quickly，修饰先行词a special type of grass-seed；order vt. 订购；叫（菜或饮料），点餐。

 

5. The planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain. 等到天开始下雨时，飞机喷洒草籽已经将近一个月了。

  本句含有时间状语从句when it began to rain，主句采用过去完成进行时；plant:种植。

 

6. By then, however, in many places the grass had already taken root. 然而，到那时，许多地方的草都已经生了根。

  本句为简单句，by then: 到那时；take root：生根。

 

7. In place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries, patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil. 在熏黑的土地上，一片片绿色已经开始出现，代替了曾经生长几个世纪的参天大树。

  In place of sb/sth或in sb’s/sth’s place 代替；顶替；which had been growing there for centuries为定语从句，修饰先行词the great trees。

  place n. 1. [C] 位置；地点；场所；地方；2. [sing.] 身份；地位；资格；3. [C] 恰当位置；适当的地方；

  in place: 在正确位置；准备妥当；在工作；准备就绪；

  out of place: 位置不当；不得体；不适当

  take place: （尤指根据安排或计划）发生，进行

  take sb’s/sth’s place; take the place of sb/sth: 代替；替换

  take your place: 就位；入座

 

三．语法精讲：

复习过去完成时和过去完成进行时

 

过去完成时：

 

1.       由had + 过去分词构成

2.       表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态，即“过去的过去的动作或状态”。

3.       常用在以下情况中：

(1)    用在told, said, knew, heard, thought 等动词后的宾语从句中，表示动作发生在told, said, knew, heard, thought 等动词之前；如：She told him that she had been to the U.S.

(2)    用在状语从句中，在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中发生在先的，用过去完成时；发生在后的，用一般过去时，如：When they arrived at the airport, the plane had left.

(3)    一些表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本……, 未能……”。如：I had hoped that she would come to class, but she didn’t.

注意：在下列情况下，可用一般过去时代替过去完成时：

(1)    两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then, and, but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。如：I bought a new handbag but it was stolen.

(2)    两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如果第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。如：When I heard the music, I cried.

 

过去完成进行时：

 

1. 过去完成进行时的构成：had been + 现在分词

2. 表示动作在所说的过去某一时间之前已经开始并持续到那一时间或者在那一时间之前刚刚停止时；作为一种过去连续的动作可用过去完成进行时表示。

  When he arrived, he found that they had been waiting for him. 他到达时，发现他们一直在等他。