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2016年中考英语——动词的分类,时态和语态

(2016-05-25 17:58:07)
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杂谈

Ⅰ.直击中考

动词的时态、语态在中考试卷中占的比例非常大,难度较大,体现在单选、完型、阅读和作文各个题型中,主要掌握以下几点:☆区分和熟练运用八种时态的用法;☆掌握各种时态的被动语态;☆掌握被动语态的用法;☆了解被动语态的特殊用法。

Ⅱ.知识精讲

1)动词的分类,时态和语态知识结构

http://ww1/large/d7e1499cjw1f47s41sg8ej20es0b0jv2.jpg

2) 动词的分类,时态和语态知识点剖析:


                               动词时态

A. 一般现在时

1. 定义

表示经常性或习惯性的动作,或存在的状态,还表示主语具备的性格和能力及客观真理。例:I get up at 6:30 in the morning .        

2. 构成

 主要用动词原形表示,当主语是第三人称单数时,在动词词尾加s/es。

3. 句型

 1)、肯定句:主语 谓语 其他。

     She reads English every day.

 2)、否定句:主语 don’t/doesn’t 谓语 其他。

     He doesn’t get up at 6:30 in the morning.

 3)、一般疑问句:Do/Does 主语 V原 其他?

     —Do you like English?    —Yes, I do. /No, I don’t.

 4)、特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 do/does 主语 V原 其他?

     What time do you get up every morning?

4. 用法

1)、表示经常性或习惯性的动作,或存在的状态,带与表示频率的时间状语如:often , sometimes , usually,always , every day /year/month…, once/twice a week (month, year, etc.), seldom, on Sundays等连用。

I leave home for school at seven every morning.

2)、表示客观真理,科学事实、格言警句。

The sun rises in the east .日出东方。

The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。

Ten minus two is eight.十减二等于八。

Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比声音的速度快。

The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。

3)、根据英文语法规定,当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时,那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时,我将告诉他这个消息。

4)、仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。这里的目的是为了"描述现阶段的动作或状态",其重点"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态"。例如:

He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。

That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。

She majors in music .她主修音乐。

All my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。

My sister is always ready to help others. 我妹妹总是乐于助人。

5. 动词第三人称单数形式变化规则

B. 一般过去时

1. 结构

一般过去时用动词的过去式表示。

http://ww3/large/d7e1499cjw1f47s4n4o84j20c5034aad.jpg

注:在一般过去时的句子中,谓语动词可分为两类一类是be动词,其形式为was与第一、三人称单数连用,were与第二人称和复数人称的主语连用。凡是由be动词做谓语的句子,变否定句时,直接在其后加not,即wasn’t 或weren’t,变一般疑问句将was/ were放在句首,句末用问号。另一类谓语动词是由行为动词来充当,如stayed\went\visited等,这一类动词做谓语时,可与任何人称连用,句子变否定时,要在主语后面,动词的前面加didn’t,动词用原形;一般疑问句是把did提到句首,动词用原形。


http://ww1/large/d7e1499cjw1f47s5hl8noj206a03jjrx.jpg

2. 句式


1)、肯定句:主语 动词过去式 其他。 I was in Beijing yesterday.

2)、否定句:主语 wasn’t 或weren’t 其他。/主语 didn’t V原 其他。I wasn’t in Beijing yesterday. / I didn’t go to the beach yesterday.

3)、一般疑问句:was/ were 主语 V原 其他?/Did 主语 V原 其他?Were you in Beijing yesterday? /Did you go to the beach yesterday?

4)、特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 was/ were 主语 其他 /特殊疑问词 did 主语 V原 其他?Where were you yesterday? / Where did you go yesterday?

3. 用法

1)、表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间里所发生的动作或情况,常与明确的时间状语连用,如:yesterday, last week(month , year…),…ago, the other day ,just now ,at the age of…,in 1980等连用。如:At the age of ten, she began to learn to play the piano.

2)、表示过去经常发生或反复发生的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。When I was a child, I often play the football in the street.

3)、在时间、条件状语从句中,常用一般过去时态代替过去将来时。

 He said he wouldn’t go if it rained.

4. 动词过去式的规则变化

1)、一般情况下, 在动词原形末尾加-ed; 如look-looked

2)、结尾是字母e 的动词加-d, 如practice-practiced;

3)、结尾是“辅音字母 y” 的动词, 变“y”为“i” 再加ed, 如study- studied;

4)、 重读闭音节结尾, 双写动词尾的辅音字母,再加ed, 如stop-stopped。

不规则动词表

http://ww2/large/d7e1499cjw1f47s5vzy3qj209s04zgmb.jpg

C. 一般将来时


1. 概念: 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

There will be an English party next Saturday.

2. 结构

1)、由will 动词原形构成,其will适用于各种人称,与主语连在一起时,常常缩写为’ll。变否定句时,只需在will后加not,可缩写为won’t 。在疑问句中,will需提前,构成will 主语 动词原形的结构。

He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵达这里。

2)、shall 动词原形(常用于主语为第一人称)

I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天没空。

3)、be going to 动词原形(打算、准备做某事)

   He is going to spend his holidays in London. 他打算在伦敦度假。

3. 用法

1)、表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如:tomorrow, next day(week,month,year....), this evening (weekend …), in the future , in a few minutes,the day after tomorrow ,by..., soon 等连用。

I will pay a visit to Shanghai next week.

2)、当主句为一般将来时,在以after, when, while, as soon as ,if ,unless等引导的时间或条件句中,要用一般现在时表将来。

I’ll do it better if the teacher gives me another chance.

D. 过去将来时

1. 定义:表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作。但这个"将来"时间绝不会延伸到“现在”;而仅限于“过去时间区域内”。由此可以看出,含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语,或是一个句子。这个时态常用于:

A)宾语从句或间接引语中;

B)表示过去习惯性的动作;

C)表示过去情况中的“愿望”、“倾向”,多用于否定句。

例如:

A)     When I thought about it, I wondered what their reaction would be .

当我考虑这件事时,我想知道他们的反应是什么。

B)     During that period, he would do morning-exercises every day.

在那段时间,他每天早锻炼。

  C)  No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难,他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。

2. 基本结构

  过去将来时由would, was/were going to, was/were to,was/were about to等加动词原形构成, 也可由was/were on the point of加动名词构成。

  例句:I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的。

E. 现在进行时

1. 结构

由 Be(am/is/are) +动词—ing 构成。

2. 用法

1)、表示说话时刻正在进行的动作及行为,或者包括说话时刻在内的一段时间正在进行的动作。常用时间状语及标志词:now( at the moment ) , listen , look , this week , this evening , these days 等。
Listen , Someone is playing the piano in the next room

2)、表示一种渐进的过程。

My younger brother is becoming more and more insterested in English .

3)、与always , all the time , forever等连用,表示说话人某种强烈的情感,如:赞许、批评;喜欢、厌恶等。例如:

a. He is always thinking of others , not of himself .

(表示赞许)他总是为他人着想,而不为自己。

b. She is often doing well at school.

(表示满意)她在学校学习挺不错的。

c. Are you feeling better today?

(表示亲切)你今天觉得好一些吗?

d. One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.

(表示不满)我的一个室友老是乱扔东西。

e. Some sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us .

(表示不喜欢)有些推销员老是敲我家的门, 向我们推销他们的产品。

4)、表示移位的动词,如go, come, leave, start, arrive等,其现在进行时可表将来。
 She is leaving for Beijing next week.

3. 句型

1)、肯定句:主语 be(am/is/are) +动词—ing 其他。

    I am studying now.

2)、否定句:主语 be not 动词—ing 其他。

    I am not studying now .

3)、一般疑问句:Be 主语 动词—ing 其他?

    Is she studying now?  Yes, she is . /No, she isn’t .

4)、特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 Be 主语 动词—ing 其他?

    What are you doing now?

 4. 动词的现在分词形式构成的几种方法:

 1)、一般在动词原形结尾直接加-ing 。

read-reading ,go-going ,visit-visiting

  2)、以不发音字母e结尾的动词,去e再加-ing。

   live-living, write-writing,make-making, take-taking

3)、以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的词,双写这个字母再加-ing 。

sit-sitting, begin-beginning, get-getting, run-running, put-putting

  4)、少数几个以ie结尾的动词,变ie为y再加-ing。

die-dying, lie-lying, tie-tying

F. 过去进行时

1. 结构

由was/were 动词-ing构成。

2. 用法

   表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发生的动作。动作发生的特指时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明,如:at this time yesterday,at 7:00 yesterday ,last night ,from seven to nine ,at that time以when或while引导的时间状语从句等。

   My family were watching TV at this time yesterday .

 注意: when和while引导时间状语从句的区别:

(1)when表示“当……的时候”。从句中既可用延续性动词,又可用非延续性动词,这些动词既可以表示动作,又可表示状态。从句中的动作既可和主句的动作同时发生,又可在主句的动作之前或之后发生。

例如:Mary was having dinner when I saw her.
(2)while表示“在……的时候”、“在……期间” 、“一边……一边……”。while从句中必须是表示动作或状态的延续性动词。它强调主句的动作与从句的动作同时发生或主句的动作发生在从句的动作过程中。
例如:The weather was fine while we were in Beijing.

G、现在完成时

1. 含义

现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系, 也就是说, 动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在。

e.g. I have lost my wallet. (含义是:现在我没有钱花了。)

Jane has laid the table.(含义是:已可以吃饭了。)

Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱。)

He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)

2. 结构

助动词have /has 动词过去分词,主语为第三人称单数用has,其他人称用have 。

3. 句型

1)、肯定句:主语 have /has 动词过去分词 其他。

        I have studied English for 5 years.

2)、否定句:主语 have/has not 动词过去分词 其他。

        We haven’t been there.

3)、一般疑问句:Have/Has 主语 动词过去分词 其他?

        Has he eaten that apple?

4)、特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 have /has 主语 动词过去分词 其他?

4. 用法

1)、现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的、持续到现在的情况,常与for, since连用。

e.g. Mary has been ill for three days.

   I have lived here since 1998.

2)、现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用, 如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等:

e.g.I haven’t seen much of him recently (lately).

     We have seen that film before.

     Have they found the missing child yet?

3)、现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:

e.g. Have you ever been to Beijing? 

I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.

I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.

George has met that gentleman on several occasions.

4)、现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等。

e.g. Peter has written six papers so far.

   Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.

   There has been too much rain this year.

   The relations between us have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been successful.

5)、现在完成时表示现在之前就已完成的动作, 虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续, 但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上for 一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性。

e.g. Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)

   Thomas has studied Russian for three years.

=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.)

6)、现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作。

e.g. We have had four texts this semester.

5.现在完成时中的时间状语:

★already通常用于肯定句中,意为“已经”,位于行为动词之前, be动词、助动词之后。有时可放在疑问句句尾,表示惊讶。

例如:We have already cleaned the classroom.

★yet用于疑问句中表示“已经”;用于否定句中,表示“还(没)”。

例如:—Hasn’t he found his watch yet?他还没找到他的表吗?

     —No, not yet.  是, 还没有。

★ever意为“曾经”,常用于疑问句或否定句中,位于助动词和过去分词之间,表示从过去到目前为止的时间。

例如:Have you ever been there?你曾经去过那里吗?

★never意为“(曾经)从未、没有”, 是否定副词,在句中位于助动词和过去分词之间。ever与否定词not连用相当于never。例如:

I haven’t ever spoken to her. = I have never spoken to her. 我从未跟她讲过话。

★just意为“刚刚”, 用于现在完成时, 表示行为刚刚过去, 位于助动词与过去分词之间。

e.g. He has just come back from school.他刚从学校回来。

★ just now意为“刚才”, 表示过去某时, 用于一般过去时, 位于句首或句尾均可。

e.g. He came from school just now.他刚才从学校回来。

★for 和since的用法及区别。for与一段时间连用,since与时间点连用。注意:since 后接过去时的时间状语或过去时的句子。

e.g. I have been to Shanghai twice since 1970.

★have/has gone to、have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别。

have/ has gone to  去了,在去某地的路上或在某地, 人还未回来

have/ has been to  曾经去过, 人已经回来了

have/ has been in  已经在, 常与一段时间连用

e.g. She has been to Shanghai before.  她以前曾去过上海。

H.过去完成时

1. 过去完成时的概念

过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一事件之前已经发生的动作或状态,即过去的过去。

图示如下:

----|-------------------------- |---------------------------|----------------------->

过去完成              过去                      现在            将来

2. 构成

1)、肯定句:主语 had+过去分词

When we got there, the football match had already started.

2)、否定句:主语 had not 过去分词

He hadn’t worked for two years by then.

3)、疑问句:had 主语 过去分词…?

Had he finished the work by last month?

3. 用法

1)、过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态; 句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语。

e.g. By the time she got up, her brother had already gone into the bathroom.

2)、过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。

例如:Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours. 

3)、在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。

例如:She said (that) she had never been to Paris.

4)、在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。

例如:When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.

5)、 by the time “直到……时候”。指从过去某一点到从句所示的时间为止的一段时间。

例如:By the time we got to his house, he had finished supper.

6)、表示意向的动词, 如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等, 用过去完成时表示 “原本…,未能…”。

例如:We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

动词语态

1、语态

    英语中动词有主动语态和被动语态两种语态. 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,在被动语态中动作的执行者有时用by短语表示出来.

2、被动语态的构成

助动词be 及物动词的过去分词

一般现在时:am/is/ are 动词的过去分词   

The house is cleaned every day.

一般过去时:was/were 动词的过去分词

He was tought a lesson yesterday.

3、被动语态的用法

1. 不知动作执行者时,常用被动语态.

eg. My bike was stolen yesterday.

   This car is made in American.

2. 不必要说出动作执行者时,常用被动语态。

eg. Rome was not built in a day.

3. 为了突出强调动作的承受者时,常用被动语态.

eg. Thousands of beaches are polluted .

4、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤:

http://ww4/large/d7e1499cjw1f47s6r17efj20b003j3yq.jpg

 (1)主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。

(2)主动语态的谓语动词变为被动语态的谓语动词,即“be 及物动词的过去分词”(be有时态、人称和数的变化)。

(3)主动语态的主语变为by的宾语。

Bell invented the telephone in 1876.

   The telephone was invented by Bell in 1876.

5、被动语态的时态表示

   被动语态的时态一般只通过be表现, 过去分词不变。例如:

一般现在时: The trees are planted by the farmers.

一般过去时: The trees were planted by the farmers.

现在进行时: The trees are being planted by the farmers.

一般将来时:The trees will be planted by the farmers.

现在完成时:The trees have been planted by the farmers.

含情态动词的被动语态:The trees can(must, should) be planted by the farmers.

6、被动语态的几种句型:

肯定句    主语 be 过去分词 (by…)

A sweet song was sung by her on the stage.

否定句    主语 be not 过去分词 (by…)

A sweet song wasn’t sung by her on the stage.

一般疑问句   Be 主语 过去分词 (by…)

Was a sweet song sung by her on the stage?

特殊疑问句   特殊疑问词 be 主语 过去分词 (by…)

Where was a sweet song sung by her?

Ⅲ.精选易错试题

1. Mrs.Weng came back from France in 2010. She _________ there for four years.

A.     works      B. worked      C. has worked

答案:C

解析:For加时间段应该是现在完成时态的标志。现在完成时的构成:have/has done 故选C

2. —Mr. Lee______to a student when I entered the classroom this morning.

—He is very patient______he is young.

A.talking; but B.talks; though C.was talking, though D. talked, however

答案:C

解析:由when I entered判断前半句为过去的动词,故排除A,B,根据题意表达的是“尽管他年轻,但是很有耐心。故选C

3. Our country ______the sixth population census(人口普查) already.

A. finished               B. has finished      C. will finish   D. finishes

答案:B

解析:already表示“已经”是完成时态标志词。现在完成时的构成:have/has done 故选B

4. — Have you ever been to Canada?

— Yes, I______there last year with my parents.

A.  have been      B. have gone     C. went          D.   Go

答案:C

解析:由时间状语last year 可推断出该句为一般过去时态。排除A、B、D。故选C

5. I called you, but nobody answered. Where_______ you?

A. is    B. are   C. was  D. were

答案:D

解析:由前句called和answered可知,打了电话而没人接,为一般过去时,you为第二人称。故选D

6. Betty will ring me up when she _______ in Beijing.

A. arrive  B. arrives   C. arrived    D. will arrive

答案:B

解析:在时间状语从句中,如果主句和从句的动作都表示将来,从句时态要用一般现在时表示将来故选B

7. I ______my hometown for a long time, I really miss it!

A. left  B. went away from  C. have left   D. have been away from

答案:D

解析:由for a long time可判定该句为现在完成时。排除A和B;leave为短暂性动词不能和表示一段时间的状语连用;排除C状语for a long time表示一段时间,应该与延续性动词或表状态的词连用,故选D

8.-Where is John?

-He ______the science lab.

A. has gone to    B. has been to   C. went to

答案:A

解析:句意:他已经去了科学实验室,表示动作已发生,用现在完成时,has gone to:去了某地;has been to:曾经去过某地。故选A

9. — How do you like your English teacher?

  — He is great. We ______ friends since three years ago.

 A. were    B. have made  C. have been  D. have become

答案:C

解析:由答句中的since three years ago可知,主语用现在完成时态,且动词用延续性动词,故选C

10. If there is any change to the plan, I ______ you as soon as possible.

  A. told    B. have told    C. tell    D. will tell

答案:D

解析:在复合句中如果主句用将来时,则if引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时。故选D

11. Yesterday evening, I _____ along the street when I suddenly met my maths teacher.

A. walk     B. walked      C. was walking        D. am walking

答案:C

解析:句意:我正在街上散步时,在这个时候遇到了我的数学老师。又根据met得知前面的主句要用过去进行时。故选C

12. Look! The boys _______ football on the playground.

A. plays       B. play     C. are playing     D. played

答案:C

解析:在句首出现look,listen等词,句子要用现在进行时,表示正在发生的动作。故选C

13. My sister wants a new dress. She______it to the party.

A. wears   B. has worn  C. wore   D. is going to wear

答案:D

解析:由“My sister wants a new dress”可知:动作还未执行,故用be going to形式,表示有计划做某事。故选D

14.I didn't hear you because I______the news on the radio.

A. listen to  B. am listening to    C. listened to    D. was listening to

答案:D

解析:句意:因为我正在听新闻我听不清楚你说的话。主句为一般过去时态,强调两个动作同时发生从句要用过去进行时态,故选D

15.—I don’t know if Aunt Li______ these “stay-home children”tomorrow morning.

— If I ______ her, I would come earlier.

A. will come to take care of; am        B. come to look after; were

C. will come to take care of; were      D. comes to come up with; am

答案:C

解析:句意:-我不知道李阿姨明天会不会来照顾这些留守儿童。-如果我是她,我会来早一点儿。句中第一个“if”表示是否的意思,引导宾语从句。第二个“if”用于虚拟语气中,从句使用过去式。故选C

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