-ing分词分句（表主动，进行）

1)      –ing分词分句的结构模式

–ing分词分句可分为不带主语和连词的，带连词的，带主语的三种。

a) 不带主语和连词的–ing分词分句

这种情况下，–ing分词分句的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。

e.g.Having much work to do, I left the party before it ended.

b) 带连词的–ing分词分句

有时，–ing分词分句可以带有连词。带连词的–ing分词分句的逻辑主语也是主句的主语。

e.g. Whensleeping, I never hear a thing.

   Whether working or sleeping, I always haveher in my mind.

   Though understanding no Greek, Charles wasable to communicate with them.

c) 带主语的–ing分词分句

–ing分词分句也能带有自己的主语，这有以下几种情况：

① –ing分词分句做宾语时：

e.g. Doyou mind my/ me making a suggestion?

   My parents object to my /me going out alone.

② –ing分词分句做介词补足成分即介词宾语时：

e.g. I amannoyed about John/ John’s forgetting to pay.

   I really care about your/ you being absentfrom my class.

③ –ing分词分句做主语时：

e.g. Yourfailing to hand your composition is the major reason why I call you here.

④ –ing分词分句作独立主格结构时：

e.g. Thelast bus having gone, we had to walk home.

   Some many members being absent, the meetinghad to be called off.

此时，having been 和being有时可以省略。

e.g. Thequestion (having been) settled, the meeting ended.

这样，句子就变成-ed分词分句了.

独立结构有时也可以由介词with引出。

e.g. Hesat with his arms hanging straight down by his sides.

2)      –ing分词分句的句法功能

a) –ing分词分句和不定式一样都可以在句中做主语，宾语，主语补足语和宾语补足语，有时意义没有区别，有时意义略有不同。

e.g.Flying a plane is dangerous. / To fly a plane is dangerous.

I like getting up early. /  I like to get up early.

Our duty is to serve the people heart and soul. /Our duty is serving the people heart and soul.

b) –ing分词分句可在句中作状语，表示多种意义。

时间状语：While flying over the channel, hesaw a ship sinking.

原因状语：You will make yourself more tired,keeping on your feet.

让步状语：Knowing all this, they stillinsisted on my paying for the damage.

结果状语：It rained heavily, causing severeflooding in that area.(主要用于表示导致的动词及动词短语)

伴随状语：He ran up to her, breathingheavily.（当句子有两个动词，可以把第二个动词处理成ing分词）

另外，–ing分词分句的形式可分为：

Exercise：

1.       她坐在那里一声不响，泪水顺着面颊留下来。

2.       我们开始敲门，以为那就是他的住所。

3.       由于太兴奋，他不知道说什么好。

-ed分词

1) –ed 分词分句的结构模式。–ed 分词分句可分为不带主语和连词的；带连词的；带主语的三种。

  a) 不带主语和连词的–ed 分词, 在这种情况下，–ed 分词逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。

      = 1 \* GB3 ① Covered with confusion, she hurriedlyleft the room.

      = 2 \* GB3 ② The castle burnt down in 1485 wasnever rebuilt.

  b) 带连词的–ed分词分句，连词可以是when, though/ although, as if/ asthough, if, even if, once, unless, until.

      = 1 \* GB3 ① If left alone on a desert island,what would you do first?

      = 2 \* GB3 ② Even if invited, I won’t go.

      = 3 \* GB3 ③ Do not leave your seat unlesstold to.

  c) 带主语的–ed分词分句，这种结构又叫做–ed 分词的独立主格结构。

      = 1 \* GB3 ① The job finished, we went homestraight away.

      = 2 \* GB3 ② Her shirt caught on a nail, shecould not move.

      = 3 \* GB3 ③ The purse not yet found, we wentto the police.

     这里的–ed分词分句也可以由with引出。Theysat in the room with the curtains drawn.

2) –ed 分词分句的句法功能。

  a) –ed 分词做后置修饰语相当于一个缩略定语从句，加上连接词和系动词就可补充完整。

  b) –ed 分词分句作状语可表示多种含义。

    时间状语：Heated,the metal expands.

    原因状语：Deeplymoved, he thanked her again and again.

    条件状语：Seenin this light, the matter is not as serious as people generally suppose.

    让步状语：Beatenby the police, Martin Luther King did not give up his dream.

    伴随状语：Imade a leisurely round of the town, fascinated by the changes in the smalltown.

  c) –ed 分词分句可以做宾语补足语，可以带–ed 分词做宾补的动词有三类。

     = 1 \* GB3 ① see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词。We found her greatly changed.

     = 2 \* GB3 ② make, get, have, keep 等表示“致使”的动词。Please keep us informed of the lastdevelopments.

     = 3 \* GB3 ③ like, want, wish, order等表示希望，要求，命令等意义的动词。I don’t want any of you (to be)involved in the scandal.

Exercise:

1.       Do you wish your breakfast ________________(bring) to your room, madam?

2.       Just get them ________________(finish up) as soon as possible?

3.       I saw the man_______________(knock down) and the driver ______________(drive) away.

4.       Cars that were parked illegallywere removed.

5.       As they were exhausted, thechildren fell asleep at once.

6.       If we consider it as a work ofart, the building is rather disappointing.

7.       I sat in the front row. I wasequipped with a pair of binoculars. I saw everything beautifully.

独立主格结构

With 结构（属于独立主格，一般位于句末，也可位于句首或句中），有时可以相当于定语从句，有时相当于状语从句。可分为七种构成方式。

1. with+名词或宾格代词+不定式（表将来）

E.g. Withhim to give us help, we are bound to succeed.

2. with+名词或宾格代词+现在分词（表主动或进行）

E.g. I can’t write, with you looking over my shoulder.

3. with+名词或宾格代词+过去分词（表被动或完成）

E.g. She felt nervous, with many eyes fixed on her.

4. with+名词或宾格代词+介词短语

E.g. They are sure to win the victory with so many people behind them.

5. with+名词或宾格代词+形容词

E.g.Never leave the room with the windows open.

6. with+名词或宾格代词+副词

E.g. He hurried out with no hat on.

7. with+名词或宾格代词+名词

E.g. He died with his daughter yet a school girl.

Exercise：

1.       没有人照顾她，她不知道该怎么办。

2.       灯都开着，我还是害怕。

3.       她坐在屋里，窗帘都拉死了。

4.       她坐在车里，两手被捆着。

5.       他一直在我身边抱怨，我无心作任何事情。

6.       他们父亲在医院里，他们不得不自己赚钱养家。

例句：

1.       A message printed on the bagoffered leisurely, lucrative work of delivering more such bags.

2.       Pleased, I left town on a businesstrip.

3.       Her voice kept rising, as ifworking its way out of the range of the human ear.

4.       Obtaining an audience with son No.1, I snarled, “ I’ll kill you if you threaten one of those kids again! Idiot!”

5.       When the “energy crisis” firstcame in 1973-1974, I was living with my family in a cabin on the edge of anarea where deer spend the winter in northern Minnesota, observing the deer astheir behavior changed from more activity in summer and fall to less as winterprogressed, followed by an increase again in the spring as the snow melted.

6.       When cast on the moon duringeclipses, the earth’s shadow appears to be the shadow of a round object.

7.       Defeated in the minor exchanges, Inow play my queen of trumps.

8.       Most people, if asked to provethat the earth is round, would not even bother to produce the rather weakarguments I have outlined above.

9.       If pressed further, they wouldbecome angry.

10.   The next day, September 10, wasbusy, with Jeremy due to fly from Newark to California on business.

11.   Then he stood waving as we droveoff.

12.   Tuesday morning found me in thekitchen, fumbling with the lid of the doughnut box, when I heard my father saysomething about the World Trade Center.

13.   He held out the phone, his facepale.

14.   He said there were maybe 30 or 35passengers, herded to the back.

15.   Often I heard his voice in myhead, comforting me when my pain was almost unendurable.

16.   It wasn’t mere luck that anairline passenger with precisely the right physical skills to abort one ofterror missions happened to be on the only plane hijacked that day where therewas an opportunity to do that.

17.   I can still feel him near me,leading me forward into the rest of my life.

18.   What should doctors say, forexample, to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical checkup justbefore going on vacation with his family.

19.   Armed with such a precept, anumber of doctors may slip into deceptive practices that assume will “do noharm” and may well help their patients.

20.   We are also learning that truthfulinformation, humanely conveyed, helps patients cope with illness.

21.   Not only do lies not provide the“help’ hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception; they invade the autonomyof patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning theirown health, including the choice of whether to be a patient in the first place.