he man who / that I saw at the school gate yesterday is my English teacher.

先行词       定     语      从     句

昨天我在校门口看见的那个人是我的英语老师。

二、定语从句的关系词初中定语从句的用法和精练

一、定语从句的概念

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

 

引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom，所有格whose)等，关系副词where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

I am waiting for the boy who /that is wearing a red coat. （关系代词作主语）

                            先行词     关系代词

我正在等穿着红色外套的那个男孩。

The dictionary that / which my sister gave me last Sunday is very expensive.

  先行词       关系代词                          （关系代词作宾语）

我姐姐上周星期天给我的那本字典很贵。

The woman whose name is Linda Brown is his mother. （关系代词作定语）

     先行词   关系代词

那个是他的母亲，名叫琳达•布朗。

That is the house where my father used to live. （关系代词作状语）

    先行词    关系副词

那是我父亲曾经居住过的房子。

三、关系代词的用法

1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作

宾语时可省略。例如：

   Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. 玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)

   The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue. 我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。

                                                                    (that作宾语)

2. which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.

位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)

   The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.

我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)

3. who, whom都用于指人，who用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如：

The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.

经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)

   Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?

                                                                         (作宾语)

小结：that—既可指人，也可指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略。

which—指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略。

who—指人，作主语，不能省略；作宾语（常用whom），可以省略。

注：当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词形式由先行词定。

注意——

(1) 当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who, that, which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+ which/whom”结构。例如：

     This is the house in which we lived last year. 这是我们去年居住的房子。

Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.

请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。

(2) 含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：

        This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。

    (3) that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：

        The city that she lives in is very far away. 她居住的城市非常远。

    (4) 关系词只能用that而不用which的情况：

    a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which。例如：

      He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。

    b. 被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which。例如：

      Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?

    c. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which。例如：

      This is the same bike that I lost. 这就是我丢的那辆自行车。

    d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用which。例如：

I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.

我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。

    e. 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that。例如：

      Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?

    f. 主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which。例如：

      There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。

    (5) 关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：

    a. 先行词为that, those时，用which, 而不用that。例如：

    What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?

    b. 关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如:

    This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。

    c. 引导非限制性定语从句，用which, 而不用that。例如：

    Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。

五、关系副词的用法

    (1) when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：

       This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。

    (2) where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：

       This is the place where he works. 这是他工作的地点。

    (3) why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：

       Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.

没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。

 

I．单项填空。

    1. —Do you know the man _________is talking with your father?

      —Yes, he’s our headmaster.

     A. he               B. who            C. which            D. whom

    2. Is this the river_________I can swim?

     A. which            B. in which       C. that             D. the one

    3. This is the best hotel in the city_________I know.

     A. where            B. which          C. that             D. it

    4. Can you lend me the dictionary_________the other day?

     A. that you bought                    B. you bought it  

     C. that you bought it                 D. which you bought it

    5. Anyone_________with what I said may put up you hands.

     A. which agrees     B. who agree      C. who agrees       D. which agree

6. My watch is not the only thing_________is missing.

     A. that             B. it             C. which            D. who

    7. The man_________coat is black is waiting at the gate

     A. who’s           B. whose          C. that of which    D. which’s

    8. The girl_________is reading under the tree_________my sister.

     A. which; is        B. whom; was      C. who; is          D. who; was

    9. I love places_________the people are really friendly.

     A. that             B. which          C. where            D. who

    10. The world_________is made up of matter.

     A. in that we live  B. on which we live  C. where we live in  D. we live in

．用适当的关系代词that, which, who, whom填空。

    1. The first thing _________you must do is to have a meal.

    2. April 1st is the day _________is called April Fool’s Day in the west.

    3. The family _________ had lost everything in a big fire got much help from their friends.

    4. The house _________we live in is very old.

     5. Didn’t you see the man _________I talked with just now?

 

III．牵手中考。

1.（2011清远）Have you read the book_________is about the moon?

A. what            B. it                 C. /             D. which

2.（2011广西百色）The policeman caught the thief_________has stolen Mr. Li’s computer.

A. which          B. whose         C. whom             D. who

3.（2011桂林）The basketball_________I bought yesterday cost me 80 yuan.

A. that             B. where           C. who              D. when

4.（河北省2011）The teachers_________came for a visit are foreigners.

A. who            B. whom           C. whose           D. which

5.（2011河南省）Tony, tell me the result of the discussion_________you had with your dad

yesterday.

A.  what          B. which            C. when             D. who

6.（2011黑龙江绥化市）This is the camera ______my uncle gave me for my birthday.

A. which          B. who             C. what

7.（2011哈尔滨）"Get new knowledge by reviewing the old" is a famous saying by Confucius (孔子). He was a great thinker________words still have a great effect on millions of people around the world today.

A. who              B. who's          C. whose

8.（2011呼和浩特）—Is there anyone here_________name is Betty?

—Sorry, I don’t know.

A. who              B. which           C. whom            D. whose

9.（2011四川达州）—Where did you go last week?

—I went to Zhang Aiping’s hometown and visited the house_______he was born in.

A. that              B. there             C. who               D. whose

10.（2011四川南充）Is that the man_________helped us a lot after the earthquake?

A. which          B. who               C. whom

11.（2011四川资阳）—I hear that Lily’s brother is a worker here.

—Look, the man_________is working over there is her brother.

A. who             B. whom           C. what            D. which

12.（2011天津）John is the boy_________legs were badly hurt in the accident.

A. whose         B. that                C. who             D. which

13.（2011乌鲁木齐）We don't like people_________talk too much but never do anything.

A.whose          B.who                 C.when            D.which

14.（2011梧州）—Do you know the boy_________is standing under the tree?

—Yes, he is my friend, Peter.

A. what       B. who           C. whom       D. whose