加载中…高考级别英语阅读理解原创题的出炉过程
(2020-03-13 22:32:32)高考级别英语阅读理解原创题的出炉过程
——一名高中英语老教师的命题经验谈
刘长凌
高考英语历来有“得阅读者得高考”之说，可见英语阅读在英语高考的分量。可以说，我们英语教师在英语阅读教学方面下再大的功夫也不为过。
今天，我不想在英语阅读教学方面说什么，因为有许多大家已经说的很充分了。我想从另一个角度——英语阅读命题方面——发表一点拙见。
笔者始终认为：打铁须得自身硬。作为一名高中英语教师要想教好英语阅读，不仅自身要有较高的阅读水平，还要有较高的命题水平。而英语阅读命题的最高水平莫过于命原创题。
笔者出了一辈子英语高考级别的原创题（为省市模考用），回回一经发表，总会被全国各地争相选用。如今百十多篇仍在广泛运用。
下面，我将我出英语阅读原创题的全过程公布于世，以供有兴趣者参考。
第一步：选材料
根据高考题所选用题材从百度上选用材料。如：陕西省2018年英语高考采用全国第二套试题，第一篇阅读是一篇信息罗列题，考查学生的掠读能力。我在百度上反复寻找，终于找到一篇信息罗列材料。因为太长了，经整理如下：
做書会按：
新书情报”是做書会2018年的最新栏目～ 18年做書会联合各大出版社和出版品牌，收集整理每月最新的新书书讯， 做書会精选5-7本新书发布在微信公号，而完整版的每月新书信息会作为做書会员的福利发放给会员们～
《基因传 众生之源》
中信出版集团
[美] 悉达多•穆克吉/ 著；马向涛/ 译
开本：16开
页数：624页
装帧：平装
定价：88元
出版时间：2018年1月
基因的发现，破解了生命的奥秘。当我们能够掌控和改造人类基因时，”人类”的概念将从根本上发生改变，后人类时代正在来临。悉达多•穆克吉《基因传》罕见地完整讲述基因科学的历史、现在和未来，是一部有温度、叙事高超的科普通识读物，深入浅出地带我们了解基因研究三千年发展史。你所有关于病理、行为、性格、疾病、种族、身份、命运的问题，都会在这本书中找到新的答案。比尔•盖茨、李开复、姬十三、吴国盛、郝景芳等人倾力推荐。
《柏林记忆：远离悲恸之地》
[俄] 玛丽•瓦西里奇科夫
页数: 454
装帧: 精装
定价: 69元
出版年: 2018-1
书号: 9787208143104
《战争、枪炮与选票》
理想国 | 南京大学出版社
[英]保罗•科利尔/ 著；吴遥/ 译
装帧：精装
开本：16开
页数：248页
定价：59.00
书号： 978-7-305-19528-0
为什么政治暴力在最底层10亿人的社会里如此普遍？民主制度是否能挽救第三世界国家免于战争的威胁？族群冲突是否有终结的一天？如何帮助底层国家进行重建？
连续两年被《外交政策》杂志列为”全球最有影响力的顶尖思想家”的保罗•科利尔，抛出这些在21世纪的今天仍时时出现在国际新闻中，亟需关注与解决的现况。
他以睿智又充满人道关怀的国际视野，深入探讨民主体制带来的”选举迷信”及政治暴力，提出改良底层国家政治和经济的处方签。
《去日本泡温泉》
[日]郡司勇/ 著
未读•生活家
装帧: 平装
开本：16开
定价：88.00元
出版日期: 2018年1月
书号：978-7-5596-1025-6
本书由集结了日本温泉研究会会长近30年实地探路经验，精选日本全境58处特色温泉，为旅行家们提供性价比最高、最值得一去的首选目的地，深度体验当地特色生活方式。书中收录多家独具历史厚重感的百年甚至千年老店，让人在泡汤之余一览当地特色建筑。实用的温泉导览，让温泉之旅的行前规划更有效率，按图索骥，轻松做攻略！
第二步：编译
A（英文原始版）
Book Association’s Note:
“New Books Information” is Book Association’s latest column. Having made 18 years’ efforts alongside with major publishers and publishing brands to collect and sort out monthly updated information on new books, Book Association selects 5-7 new books and publishes them on Facebook Commons, and the full edition of the monthly book information will be presented as a benefit to members of Association.
Why, one might ask, should Association spend so much time and effort on a demanding job when almost all platforms are promoting new books? Because we want to put the right to choose into the hands of our readers.
Today’s release is the January book intelligence. Of all the 29 new books released January, 2018, we would most like to recommend 4 to you (in no particular order).
The Gene: an Intimate History
The discovery of genes has decoded the mystery of life. When we can control and modify the human genome, the concept of “human” will fundamentally change, and the post-human era is coming. Siddhartha Mukherjee’s The Gene: an Intimate History, a popular science reading with excellent and passionate narration, makes a rare and complete account of the history, present and future of genetic science in a way of making complicated subject understandable to millions of readers. You might find out from the book answers to all your possible questions on pathology, behavior, personality, disease, race, identity, destiny etc. Highly recommended by Bill gates, ….
Berlin Diaries 1940-1945
Of abundant history books about World War II, almost all fix their focus on the victims of the war in the perspective of the allies. Looking back today, this representation hides some equally important facts in the cracks of history. In this sense, the book Berlin Diaries 1940-1945 is particularly precious in that it helps open up a different perspective. The book is diaries written by a White Russian countess when she fled into exile in Germany during World War II. From the perspective of an exiled aristocrat, it tells the daily life of ordinary Germans during the war, the fear they encountered and the hope they held.
Wars, Guns and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous
Places
Why is political violence so common among the billion people at the bottom society? Can democracy save third world countries from the threat of war? Is there an end to ethnic conflict? How to help the bottom countries rebuild?
Paul collier, who has been ranked as “the world’s most influential top thinker” for two years in a row by Foreign Policy, throws out the current situation still present in international news today in the 21st century which needs urgent attention and solutions.
With a wise and humane international vision, he explores in depth the “election superstition” and political violence brought about by the democratic system, and puts forward a solution to the improvement of the politics and economy of the bottom countries.
Visit Hot Springs in Japan
This book is a collection of nearly 30 years of field experience of the president of Japan Hot Spring Research Society, in which 58 characteristic hot springs are selected from throughout Japan to provide travelers with the most cost-effective choice of destinations and an in-depth experience of local lifestyle. The book contains a number of unique 100-, even 1000-, year-old hotels with a strong sense of history, giving people a glimpse of local characteristic buildings while in bath.(674)
第三步：缩减成题用版
英语原始版674字，远远超过高考文章字数限定。高考阅读、四级阅读、六级阅读每篇文章的字数有严格限定：高考200—300字，四级300—400字，六级400—500字。所以要对原始版要缩减。下面是四次缩减而成型的题用版：
A（试题版）
New Books Information is Book Association’s latest column, which, with major publishers and publishing brands, selects 5-7 new books and publishes them on Facebook Commons, to provide our readers with more rights to choose. Of all the 29 new books released January, 2018, we would most like to recommend 4 to you.
The Gene: an Intimate History
The discovery of genes has decoded the mystery of
life. Siddhartha Mukherjee’s The Gene: an Intimate History makes a
rare and complete account of the history, present and future of
genetic science. You might find out from the book answers to all
your possible questions on pathology, behavior, personality,
disease, race, identity, destiny etc.
Berlin Diaries 1940-1945
Of abundant history books about World War II, almost all fix their focus on the victims of the war in the perspective of the allies, in which case, looking back today, some equally important facts are hidden in the cracks of history. Diaries written by a White Russian countess fleeing into exile in Germany during World War II tell the daily life of ordinary Germans during the war, the fear they encountered and the hope they held, from the perspective of an exiled aristocrat.
Wars, Guns and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous
Places
Why is political violence so common among the billion people at the bottom society? Can democracy save third world countries from the threat of war? Is there an end to ethnic conflict? How to help the bottom countries rebuild?
With a wise and humane international vision, Paul Collier explores in depth the “election superstition” and political violence brought about by the democratic system, and puts forward a solution to the improvement of the politics and economy of the bottom countries.
Visit Hot Springs in Japan
This book is a collection of nearly 30 years of field experience of the president of Japan Hot Spring Research Society, in which 58 characteristic hot springs are selected from throughout Japan to provide travelers with the most cost-effective choice of destinations and an in-depth experience of local lifestyle.
字数384，还有点长，但作为全省或全市的第三次模考题（每年4月中旬前后）刚合适。
第四步：编题
文章编好后就可以编题了。
A（试题版）
New Books Information is Book Association’s latest column, which, with major publishers and publishing brands, selects 5-7 new books and publishes them on Facebook Commons, to provide our readers with more rights to choose. Of all the 29 new books released January, 2018, we would most like to recommend 4 to you.
The Gene: an Intimate History
The discovery of genes has decoded the mystery of
life. Siddhartha Mukherjee’s The Gene: an Intimate History makes a
rare and complete account of the history, present and future of
genetic science. You might find out from the book answers to all
your possible questions on pathology, behavior, personality,
disease, race, identity, destiny etc.
Berlin Diaries 1940-1945
Of abundant history books about World War II, almost all fix their focus on the victims of the war in the perspective of the allies, in which case, looking back today, some equally important facts are hidden in the cracks of history. Diaries written by a White Russian countess fleeing into exile in Germany during World War II tell the daily life of ordinary Germans during the war, the fear they encountered and the hope they held, from the perspective of an exiled aristocrat.
Wars, Guns and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous
Places
Why is political violence so common among the billion people at the bottom society? Can democracy save third world countries from the threat of war? Is there an end to ethnic conflict? How to help the bottom countries rebuild?
With a wise and humane international vision, Paul Collier explores in depth the “election superstition” and political violence brought about by the democratic system, and puts forward a solution to the improvement of the politics and economy of the bottom countries.
Visit Hot Springs in Japan
This book is a collection of nearly 30 years of field experience of the president of Japan Hot Spring Research Society, in which 58 characteristic hot springs are selected from throughout Japan to provide travelers with the most cost-effective choice of destinations and an in-depth experience of local lifestyle.
21. What did the Russian writer write about?
22. How much is the book published by Random?
23. If you want to have a deep understanding of the
influence of a war on a poor country, which book will you turn
to?
A. The Gene: an Intimate
History.
B. Berlin Diaries 1940-1945.
至此，阅读理解A篇原创题成型。B、C、D效法炮制即可。因篇幅关系，我就不一一炮制了，只将B篇的炮制过程给大家展示一下。
B篇的炮制过程
第一步：选材料
高考题B篇是一篇科普，我在百度上找到了一篇“鸵鸟策略”的趣闻：
遇到危险时，鸵鸟会把头埋入草堆里，以为自己眼睛看不见就是安全。事实上鸵鸟的两条腿很长，奔跑得很快，遇到危险的时候，其奔跑速度足以摆脱敌人的攻击，如果不是把头埋藏在草堆里坐以待毙的话，是足可以躲避猛兽攻击的。
后来，心理学家将这种消极的心态称之为“鸵鸟心态”。
「鸵鸟心态」是一种逃避现实的心理，也是一种不敢面对问题的懦弱行为。有鸵鸟心态的人，不敢面对现实，不敢担当责任，平常大言不惭，遇到事情来临就畏缩不前了。
人们中有“鸵鸟政策”的说法，说是鸵鸟平时胆子很小，遇到危险时，就把头钻进沙堆里，自己什么也看不见了，就以为别人也看不见它，以此来躲避危险。其实，这是一种误传。鸵鸟的胆子确实不大，但是它们有强大的自卫武器——那双健壮而有力的腿，可以向任何进犯它的敌人反击，用腿踢敌人。再加上每只脚上有长达 17厘米的脚趾去抠抓敌人。有时鸵鸟确实把头插入沙子里，但那决不是害怕，只是想吃点沙子，以帮助食物在胃中的消化。鸵鸟一般以有浆汁的植物为食，有时也吃些蜥蜴和其他甲壳类单位充饥。
为了躲避危险，鸵鸟会躺在地下隐蔽起来，只把头伸出来。这种习性后来被人误认为是鸵鸟在遇到危险时，会把头埋在沙土里。
鸵鸟的这种避敌方法并不是因为它们惧怕危险。研究显示，鸵鸟是巧妙地利用强烈的阳光照射沙漠表面产生的反射光和热空气的漫反射光形成的强光层来保护自己。它把身体隐蔽在光层之下，头如同一架潜望镜一样窥伺敌人的动向。如果一旦被敌人发现，鸵鸟会奋起反击。它倚仗高大的身躯和强劲的腿，可以跟土人锋利的标枪较量，狮子、猎豹等猛兽也不能在短时间内使它毙命。
第二步：编译
B(原始版)
Beginning No. 1
There are many misunderstandings in life. One of the biggest is “ostrich policy”.
It’s often said that, when in danger, the ostrich will stick its head in the sand, thinking it is safe to be blind. In fact, however, that’s not the case.
Indeed, ostriches don’t have much guts, but don’t forget: they have powerful defensive weapons---the strong pair of legs, which are powerful enough to strike back at any invading enemy. In addition, the pair of legs has fearsome claws with as long as 17 centimeters of knife-like toes, which are always a nightmare for its enemies.
Sometimes, the ostrich
Beginning No. 2
In our life, when we meet with someone who dare not face the problem and tries to avoid it, we will call him ostrich, because the ostrich is often considered as a cowardly animal, which, as is often said, when danger comes, will bury its head in the sand and, very ridiculously, expose all its body to the enemy, believing it is safe to be blind. In fact, however, “ostrich policy” is a myth.
Indeed, ostriches don’t have much guts, but they have mighty defensive weapons---the strong legs, which are powerful enough to strike back at any invading enemy. In addition, they have fearsome claws with as long as 17 centimeters of knife-sharp toes, which are always a nightmare for its enemy.
In reality, ostriches do occasionally bury their
heads in the sand, but that’s by no means from fear; they instead
just want to eat some sand to help digest the food in the stomach.
Ostriches usually feed on juicy plants but sometimes also eat
lizards and other shellfishes.
To avoid danger, the ostrich do hide, but it buries its whole body, instead of the head, in the sand with only its head sticking out. It is not because they are afraid of danger. Research has shown that the ostrich is able to protect itself by using a strong layer of light created by strong sunlight reflecting off the desert surface and diffusely reflecting off the hot air. It hides its body under the light, and its head is like a periscope watching the enemy’s movements. Once found by the enemy, the ostrich will fight back. With its large body and powerful legs, it could compete with the sharp javelins of the natives, and it could not be killed in a short time by lions or cheetahs.
此时我有两个很妙的开头。经反复考量，我更喜欢第二个开头。
第三步：缩减成题用版
B（题用版）
In our life, when we meet with someone who dare not face the problem and tries to avoid it, we will call him ostrich, because the ostrich is often considered as a cowardly animal, which, as is often said, when danger comes, will bury its head in the sand and, very ridiculously, expose all its body to the enemy, believing it is safe to be blind. In fact, however, “ostrich policy” is a myth.
Indeed, ostriches don’t have much guts, but they have mighty defensive weapons---the strong legs, which are powerful enough to strike back at any invading enemy. In addition, they have fearsome claws with as long as 17 centimeters of knife-sharp toes, which are always a nightmare for its enemy.
In reality, ostriches do occasionally bury their
heads in the sand, but that’s by no means from fear; they instead
just want to eat some sand to help digest the food in the stomach.
Ostriches usually feed on juicy plants but sometimes also eat
lizards and other shellfishes.
To avoid danger, the ostrich do hide, but it buries its whole body, instead of the head, in the sand with only its head sticking out. It is not because they are afraid of danger. Research has shown that the ostrich is able to protect itself by using a strong layer of light created by strong sunlight reflecting off the desert surface and diffusely reflecting off the hot air. It hides its body under the light, and its head is like a periscope watching the enemy’s movements. Once found by the enemy, the ostrich will fight back. With its large body and powerful legs, it could compete with the sharp javelins of the natives, and it could not be killed in a short time by lions or cheetahs.
字数299，符合字数标准。
第四步：编题
B（题用版）
In our life, when we meet with someone who dare not face the problem and tries to avoid it, we will call him ostrich, because the ostrich is often considered as a cowardly animal, which, as is often said, when danger comes, will bury its head in the sand and, very ridiculously, expose all its body to the enemy, believing it is safe to be blind. In fact, however, “ostrich policy” is a myth.
Indeed, ostriches don’t have much guts, but they have mighty defensive weapons---the strong legs, which are powerful enough to strike back at any invading enemy. In addition, they have fearsome claws with as long as 17 centimeters of knife-sharp toes, which are always a nightmare for its enemy.
In reality, ostriches do occasionally bury their
heads in the sand, but that’s by no means from fear; they instead
just want to eat some sand to help digest the food in the stomach.
Ostriches usually feed on juicy plants but sometimes also eat
lizards and other shellfishes.
To avoid danger, the ostrich do hide, but it buries its whole body, instead of the head, in the sand with only its head sticking out. It is not because they are afraid of danger. Research has shown that the ostrich is able to protect itself by using a strong layer of light created by strong sunlight reflecting off the desert surface and diffusely reflecting off the hot air. It hides its body under the light, and its head is like a periscope watching the enemy’s movements. Once found by the enemy, the ostrich will fight back. With its large body and powerful legs, it could compete with the sharp javelins of the natives, and it could not be killed in a short time by lions or cheetahs.
24. What do you think the first paragraph serve as?
25. What is the most powerful weapon of the ostrich?
26. Which habit of the ostrich is mistaken for “ostrich policy”?
27. In which way will avoid danger?
C. Running
away.
B篇题成。
附：成题
2019
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