Science最新发布:全世界最前沿的125个科学问题
(2023-01-05 08:08:14)
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分类: 计算机教学 |
Science最新发布:全世界最前沿的125个科学问题!
2005年,在庆祝创刊125周年之际,Science公布了125个最具挑战性的科学问题。对指引近十几年的科学发展产生积极影响,详见:
16年之后的2021年,随着科学的不断突破,许多问题得到一定程度的解答,一些问题也更加深入。近日,上海交通大学携手Science杂志发布了“新125个科学问题”——《125个科学问题:探索与发现》。
此次发布的问题包括数学、化学、医学与健康、生命科学、天文学、物理学、信息科学、工程与材料科学、神经科学、生态学、能源科学与人工智能等领域。除了“物质的起源是什么”“黎曼猜想是真的吗”“地球上有多少物种”等科学家始终在追问的问题,还有一些有趣的问题也将带来面向人类未来的科学探究,例如:为什么我们会坠入爱河?人类有一天会不得不离开地球吗?人类为什么会对猫狗如此着迷?
此次125个科学问题《科学》杂志专刊作为交大建校125周年纪念活动之一,问题征集结合国际前沿、全球共需、科学发展,聚焦前瞻重大科学问题,面向科学家、学生、社会征集。世界顶尖科学家协会也发挥资源优势,邀请诺贝尔奖、沃尔夫奖、拉斯克奖、图灵奖、麦克阿瑟天才奖等世界“最强大脑”共同参与,共同讨论人类当前与未来面对的科学问题。
SJTU & Science 125个科学问题
Mathematical Sciences 数学 3
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What makes prime numbers so special?什么使素数如此特别?
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Will the Navier–Stokes problem ever be solved?纳维尔-斯托克斯问题会得到解决吗?
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Is the Riemann hypothesis true?黎曼猜想是真的吗?
Chemistry化学 9
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Are there more color pigments to discover?还有更多色彩元素可发现吗?
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Will the periodic table ever be complete?元素周期表会完整吗?
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How can we measure interface phenomena on the microscopic level?如何在微观层面测量界面现象?
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What is the future for energy storage?能量存储的未来是怎样的?
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Why does life require chirality?为什么生命需要手性?
生命体(包括人类)需要手性(chirality)是因为生命体的生化反应中参与的大多数分子都是手性分子。手性分子是指具有不对称的三维构型的分子,可以分为左旋分子和右旋分子。由于手性分子的结构不对称,它们在某些反应中只能和另一种手性分子结合,这是生命体生化反应的关键。例如,人类的DNA是左旋的,而蛋白质是右旋的。如果没有手性分子,生命体的生化反应就无法进行,也就无法满足生命的需要。
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How can we better manage the world's plastic waste?我们如何更好地管理世界上的塑料废物?
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Will AI redefine the future of chemistry?AI会重新定义化学的未来吗?
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How can matter be programmed into living materials?物质如何被编码而成为生命材料?
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What drives reproduction in living systems?是什么驱动生命系统的复制?
Medicine & Health医学与健康11
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Can we predict the next pandemic?我们可以预测下一次流行病吗?
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Will we ever find a cure for the common cold?我们会找到治疗感冒的方法吗?
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Can we design and manufacture medicines customized for individual people?我们可以设计和制造出为个人定制的药物吗?
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Can a human tissue or organ be fully regenerated?人体组织或器官可以完全再生吗?
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How is immune homeostasis maintained and regulated?如何维持和调节免疫稳态?
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Is there a scientific basis to the Meridian System in traditional Chinese medicine?中医的经络系统有科学依据吗?
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How will the next generation of vaccines be made?下一代疫苗将如何生产?
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Can we ever overcome antibiotic resistance?我们能否克服抗生素耐药性?
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What is the etiology of autism?自闭症的病因是什么?
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What role does our microbiome play in health and disease?我们的微生物组在健康和疾病中扮演什么角色?
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Can xenotransplantation solve the shortage of donor organs?异种移植能否解决供体器官的短缺问题?
Biology生命科学 22
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What could help conservation of the oceans?什么可以帮助保护海洋?
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Can we stop ourselves from aging?我们可以阻止自己衰老吗?
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Why can only some cells become other cells?为什么只有一些细胞会变成其他细胞?
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Why are some genomes so big and others very small?为什么有些基因组非常大而另一些却很小?
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Will it be possible to cure all cancers?有可能治愈所有癌症吗?
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What genes make us uniquely human?哪些基因使我们人类与众不同?
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How do migratory animals know where they're going?迁徙动物如何知道它们要去哪里?
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How many species are there on Earth?地球上有多少物种?
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How do organisms evolve?有机体是如何进化的?
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Why did dinosaurs grow to be so big?为什么恐龙长得如此之大?
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Did ancient humans interbreed with other human-like ancestors?远古人类是否曾与其他类人祖先杂交?
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Why do humans get so attached to dogs and cats?人类为什么会对猫狗如此着迷?
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Will the world's population keep growing indefinitely?世界人口会无限增长吗?
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Why do we stop growing?我们为什么会停止生长?
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Is de-extinction possible?能否复活灭绝生物?
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Can humans hibernate?人类可以冬眠吗?
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Where do human emotions originate?人类的情感源于何处?
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Will humans look physically different in the future?未来人类的外貌会有所不同吗?
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Why were there species explosions and mass extinction?为什么会发生物种大爆发和大灭绝?
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How might genome editing be used to cure disease?基因组编辑将如何用于治疗疾病?
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Can a cell be artificially synthesized?可以人工合成细胞吗?
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How are biomolecules organized in cells to function orderly and effectively?细胞内的生物分子是如何组织从而有序有效发挥作用的?
Astronomy天文学 23
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How many dimensions are there in space?空间中有多少个维度?
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What is the shape of the universe?宇宙的形状是怎样的?
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Where did the big bang start?大爆炸从何处开始?
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Why don't the orbits of planets decay and cause them to crash into each other?为什么行星的轨道不衰减并导致它们相互碰撞?
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When will the universe die? Will it continue to expand?宇宙何时消亡?它会继续膨胀吗?
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Is it possible to live permanently on another planet?我们有可能在另一个星球上长期居住吗?
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Why do black holes exist?为什么存在黑洞?
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What is the universe made of?宇宙是由什么构成的?
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Are we alone in the universe?我们是宇宙中唯一的生命体吗?
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What is the origin of cosmic rays?宇宙射线的起源是什么?
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What is the origin of mass?物质的起源是什么?
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What is the smallest scale of space-time?时空的最小尺度是是多少?
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Is water necessary for all life in the universe, or just on Earth?水是宇宙中所有生命所必需的么,还是仅对地球生命?
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What is preventing humans from carrying out deep-space exploration?是什么阻止了人类进行深空探测?
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Is Einstein's general theory of relativity correct?爱因斯坦的广义相对论是正确的吗?
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How are pulsars formed?脉冲星是如何形成的?
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Is our Milky Way Galaxy special?我们的银河系特别吗?
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What is the volume, composition, and significance of the deep biosphere?深层生物圈的规模、组成和意义是什么?
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Will humans one day have to leave the planet (or die trying)?人类有一天会不得不离开地球吗(还是会在尝试中死去)?
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Where do the heavy elements in the universe come from?宇宙中的重元素来自何处?
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Is it possible to understand the structure of compact stars and matter?有可能了解致密恒星和物质的结构吗?
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What is the origin of the high-energy cosmic neutrinos?高能宇宙中微子的起源是什么?
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What is gravity?什么是重力?
Physics物理学 18
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Is there a diffraction limit?有衍射极限吗?
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What is the microscopic mechanism for high-temperature superconductivity?高温超导的微观机理是什么?
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What are the limits of heat transfer in matter?物质传热的极限是什么?
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What are the fundamental principles of collective motion?集体运动的基本原理是什么?
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What are the smallest building blocks of matter?什么是物质的最小组成部分?
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Will we ever travel at the speed of light?我们会以光速行驶吗?
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What is quantum uncertainty and why is it important?什么是量子不确定性,为什么它很重要?
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Will there ever be a "theory of everything"?会有“万有理论”吗?
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Why does time seem to flow in only one direction?为什么时间似乎只朝一个方向流动?
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What is dark matter?什么是暗物质?
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Can we make a real, human-size invisibility cloak?我们可以制作出真人大小的隐形斗篷吗?
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Are there any particles that behave oppositely to the properties or states of photons?
是否存在与光子性质或状态相反的粒子?
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Will the Bose-Einstein condensate be widely used in the future?玻色-爱因斯坦冷凝体未来会被广泛使用吗?
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Can humans make intense lasers with incoherence comparable to sunlight?人类能制造出与太阳光相似的非相干强激光吗?
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What is the maximum speed to which we can accelerate a particle?我们最多可以将粒子加速到多快?
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Is quantum many-body entanglement more fundamental than quantum fields?量子多体纠缠比量子场更基本吗?
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What is the optimum hardware for quantum computers?量子计算机的最佳硬件是什么?
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Can we accurately simulate the macro- and microworld?我们可以精确模拟宏观和微观世界吗?
Information Science信息科学 4
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Is there an upper limit to computer processing speed?计算机处理速度是否有上限?
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Can AI replace a doctor?AI可以代替医生吗?
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Can topological quantum computing be realized?拓扑量子计算可以实现吗?
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Can DNA act as an information storage medium?DNA可以用作信息存储介质吗?
Engineering & Material Science工程与材料科学
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What is the ultimate statistical invariances of turbulence?湍流的最终统计不变性是什么?
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How can we break the current limit of energy conversion efficiencies?我们如何突破当前的能量转换效率极限?
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How can we develop manufacturing systems on Mars?我们如何在火星上开发制造系统?
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Is a future of only self-driving cars realistic?纯无人驾驶汽车的未来是否现实?
Neuroscience神经科学 12
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What are the coding principles embedded in neuronal spike trains?神经元放电序列的编码准则是什么?
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Where does consciousness lie?意识存在于何处?
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Can human memory be stored, manipulated, and transplanted digitally?能否数字化地存储、操控和移植人类记忆?
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Why do we need sleep?为什么我们需要睡眠?
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What is addiction and how does it work?什么是成瘾?
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Why do we fall in love?为什么我们会坠入爱河?
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How did speech evolve and what parts of the brain control it?言语如何演变形成,大脑的哪些部分对其进行控制?
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How smart are nonhuman animals?除人类以外的其他动物有多聪明?
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Why are most people right-handed?为什么大多数人都是右撇子?
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Can we cure neurodegenerative diseases?我们可以治愈神经退行性疾病吗?
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Is it possible to predict the future?有可能预知未来吗?
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Can we more effectively diagnose and treat complex mental disorders?精神障碍能否有效诊断和治疗?
Ecology生态学 8
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Can we stop global climate change?我们可以阻止全球气候变化吗?
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Where do we put all the excess carbon dioxide?我们能把过量的二氧化碳存到何处?
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What creates the Earth's magnetic field (and why does it move)?是什么创造了地球的磁场(为什么它会移动)?
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Will we be able to predict catastrophic weather events (tsunami, hurricanes, earthquakes) more accurately?我们是否能够更准确地预测灾害性事件(海啸、飓风、地震)?
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What happens if all the ice on the planet melts?如果地球上所有的冰融化会怎样?
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Can we create an environmentally friendly replacement for plastics?我们可以创造一种环保的塑料替代品吗?
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Can we achieve a situation where essentially every material can be recycled and reused?几乎所有材料都可以回收再利用是否可以实现?
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Will we soon see the end of monocultures like wheat, maize, rice, and soy?我们会很快看到小麦、玉米、大米和大豆等单一作物的终结吗?
Energy Science能源科学 3
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Could we live in a fossil-fuel-free world?我们可以生活在一个去化石燃料的世界中吗?
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What is the future of hydrogen energy?氢能的未来是怎样的?
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Will cold fusion ever be possible?冷聚变有可能实现吗?
Artificial Intelligence人工智能 5
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Will injectable, disease-fighting nanobots ever be a reality?可注射的抗病纳米机器人会成为现实吗?
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Will it be possible to create sentient robots?是否有可能创建有感知力的机器人?
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Is there a limit to human intelligence?人类智力是否有极限?
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Will artificial intelligence replace humans?人工智能会取代人类吗?
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How does group intelligence emerge?群体智能是如何出现的?
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Can robots or AIs have human creativity?机器人或 AI 可以具有人类创造力吗?
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Can quantum artificial intelligence imitate the human brain?量子人工智能可以模仿人脑吗?
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Could we integrate with computers to form a human-machine hybrid species?我们可以和计算机结合以形成人机混合物种吗?