黄庭坚：数百年来 懂草书的也就张旭、怀素和我三人

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宋四家”之一黄庭坚，不但楷、行造诣颇深，而且草书独树一帜。

山谷草书初学北宋周越，然最终炉火纯青、臻于化境，主要得益有三：一是“得张长史、僧怀素、高闲墨迹，乃窥笔法之妙”，二是“于燹道舟中，观长年荡桨，群丁拔棹，乃觉少进，喜之所得，辄得用笔”，三是“余寓居开元寺夕怡思堂，坐见江山。每于此中作草，似得江山之助。”

由此可见，黄庭坚能成为上承唐代张旭、怀素，下启明朝祝允明、王铎的关键人物，绝非偶然因素，当属时物造化。点评近代草书，他认为：“近时士大夫罕得古法，但弄笔左右缠绕，遂号为草书可，不知蝌蚪、篆、隶同法同意。数百年来，唯张长史、永州狂僧怀素及余三人悟此法可。”

黄庭坚草书的巨大成就，在《廉颇蔺相如列传》长卷大放异彩。作为山谷51岁时的成熟代表作，此帖已走出了早期《花气诗帖》用笔生硬、少圆转的起步状态，更加完善了中期《杜甫寄贺兰铦诗帖》笔法圆劲、笔势连绵的特点。丰富多样的掠笔、带笔、蹲笔，尤其是独创的颤笔技法，让线条极富振荡感，洋溢着活跃跃的韵律之美，赋予了草书以崭新的境界。

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释文：廉颇者，赵之良将也。赵惠文王十六年，廉颇

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为赵将伐齐，大破之，取阳晋，拜为上卿，以勇

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气闻於诸侯。蔺相如者，赵人也，为赵宦者令

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缪贤舍人。赵惠文王时，得楚和氏璧。

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秦昭王闻之，使人遗赵王书，原以十五城请

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易璧。赵王与大将军廉颇诸大臣谋：

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欲予秦，秦城恐不可得，徒见欺；欲勿予，即患秦

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兵之来。计未定，求人可使报秦者，

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未得。宦者令缪贤曰：“臣舍人蔺相如可使。”王问：“何以

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知之？”对曰：“臣尝有罪，窃计欲亡走燕，臣

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舍人相如止臣，曰：'君何以知燕王？’臣语曰：'臣尝从

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大王与燕王会境上，燕王私握臣手，曰“原结友”。

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以此知之，故欲往。’相如谓臣曰：'夫赵强而燕弱，而君

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幸於赵王，故燕王欲结於君。今君乃亡赵走燕，

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燕畏赵，其势必不敢留君，而束君归赵矣。

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君不如肉袒伏斧质请罪，则幸得脱矣。’臣

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从其计，大王亦幸赦臣。臣窃以为其人

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勇士，有智谋，宜可使。”於是王召见蔺相如

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曰：“秦王以十五城请易寡人之璧，可予不？”相如曰：“秦

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强而赵弱，不可不许。”王曰：“取吾璧，不予我城，奈

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何？”相如曰：“秦以城求璧而赵不许，曲在赵。

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赵予璧而秦不予赵城，曲在秦。均之

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二策，宁许以负秦曲。”王曰：“谁可使者？”

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相如曰：“王必无人，臣原奉璧往使。城入赵而璧留

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秦；城不入，臣请完璧归赵。”赵王於是遂遣相如奉

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璧西入秦。秦王坐章台见相如，相如奉璧奏

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秦王。秦王大喜，传以示美人及左右，左右皆呼万

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岁。相如视秦王无意偿赵城，乃前曰：“璧有瑕，

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请指示王。”王授璧，相如因持璧却立，倚

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柱，怒发上冲冠，谓秦王曰：“大王欲得璧，使人

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发书至赵王，赵王悉召群臣议，皆曰'秦贪，

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负其强，以空言求璧，偿城恐不可得’。议不欲予

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秦璧。臣以为布衣之交尚不相欺，况大国乎！且以一

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璧之故逆强秦之驩，不可。於是赵王乃斋戒五日，使

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臣奉璧，拜送书於庭。何者？严大国之威以修

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敬也。今臣至，大王见臣列观，礼节甚倨；得璧，

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传之美人，以戏弄臣。臣观大王无意偿赵王城邑，

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故臣复取璧。大王必欲急臣，臣头今与璧俱

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碎於柱矣！”相如持其璧睨柱，欲以击柱。秦

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王恐其破璧，乃辞谢固请，召有司案图，

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指从此以往十五都予赵。相

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如度秦王特以诈详为予赵

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城，实不可得，乃谓秦王曰：“和氏璧，天下所

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共传宝也，赵王恐，不敢不献。赵王送璧时，斋戒

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五日，今大王亦宜斋戒五日，设九宾於廷，臣乃

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敢上璧。”秦王度之，终不可强夺，遂许斋

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五日，舍相如广成传舍。相如度秦王虽斋，决负

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约不偿城，乃使其从者衣褐，怀其璧，

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从径道亡，归璧于赵。秦王斋五日后，乃设

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九宾礼於廷，引赵使者蔺相如。相如至，谓秦

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王曰：“秦自缪公以来二十馀君，未尝有坚明约束

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者也。臣诚恐见欺於王而负赵，故令人持璧归，间

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至赵矣。且秦强而赵弱，大王遣一介之使至赵，赵立

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奉璧来。今以秦之强而先割十五都予赵，赵岂

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敢留璧而得罪於大王乎？臣知欺大王之罪

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当诛，臣请就汤镬，唯大王与群臣孰计

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议之。”秦王与群臣相视而嘻。左右或欲引

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相如去，秦王因曰：“今杀相如，终不能得璧也，而绝

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秦赵之驩，不如因而厚遇之，使归赵，赵王岂

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以一璧之故欺秦邪！”卒廷见相如，毕

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礼而归之。相如既归，赵王以为贤大夫使不辱於诸

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侯，拜相如为上大夫。其后与秦王会渑池，相如功大，

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拜为上卿，位在廉颇之右。廉颇曰：“我有攻城野战

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之大功，而蔺相如徒以口舌为劳，位居我上，我见相如，

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必辱之。”相如出，望见廉颇，引车避匿。舍人相

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与谏，请辞。相如曰：“相如虽驽，独畏廉将军

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与谏，请辞。相如曰：“相如虽驽，独畏廉将军哉？今之视廉将（此处大段删节原文）军，孰与秦王？顾强秦不敢加

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兵於赵者，徒以吾两人在也。两虎共斗，

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其势不俱生。吾所以为此者，先国家之急而

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后私雠也。”

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