突变体Braf和Mek抑制剂通过焦亡调节肿瘤免疫微环境
Mutant BRAF and MEK Inhibitors Regulate the Tumor
Immune Microenvironment via Pyroptosis
Braf抑制剂和mek抑制剂(BRAFi+MEKi)的组合已被批准用于治疗Braf
v600e/k突变型黑色素瘤。BRAFi+MEKi的作用与癌细胞死亡和肿瘤免疫微环境的改变有关;然而,这些联系却知之甚少。我们发现,BRAFi+MEKi以一种免疫调节方式导致了持久的黑色素瘤消退。BRAFi+MEKi处理促进了GSDME的裂解和HMGB1的释放,这是焦亡细胞死亡的标志物。GSDME缺陷的黑色素瘤在给予BRAFi+MEKi后,显示HMGB1释放缺陷,肿瘤相关的T细胞减少,活化的树突状细胞浸润减少,以及药物去除后更频繁的肿瘤再生。重要的是,BRAFi+MEKi耐药疾病缺乏焦亡标记物,显示肿瘤内T细胞扩张减少,但对焦亡诱导的化疗敏感。这些数据表明BRAFi+MEKi诱导焦亡的抗肿瘤免疫反应,并突出了耐药黑色素瘤的治疗新策略。
靶向抑制剂和免疫检查点剂促进了对黑色素瘤患者的恢复治疗;然而,对于这两个研究领域之间的交集还缺乏详细的了解。我们描述了一种分子机制,即靶向抑制剂调节一种具有免疫刺激作用的细胞死亡形式的分子机制,并为抑制剂耐药黑色素瘤提供了一个理论证明的挽救性治疗概念。
BRAFi increase MHC ex* and induce CD4 + and CD8
+ T cell–dependent antitumor
immunity ( 9–19 ).
可以参考具体实验步骤。
BRAFi and/or MEKi efficacy correlates
with T-cell infiltration of
tumors, whereas the loss of intratumoral CD8+T cells
and influx of tumor-associated macrophages are
associated with acquired
resistance in metastatic
melanoma. Brafi和/或Meki效应与肿瘤T细胞感染相关,而肿瘤内CD8
T细胞的丢失和肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的浸润与转移性黑色素瘤的获得性耐药性相关。
靶向抑制剂影响肿瘤相关T细胞的表型和功能的机制尚不完全清楚。此外,BRAFi+MEKi介导的肿瘤细胞死亡与肿瘤免疫环境改变之间的功能关系仍有待阐明。
目前已经证实,brafi和/或meki可导致braf v600e-突变的黑色素瘤细胞的程序性细胞死亡。It has
recently been shown that the intrinsic apoptotic pathway intersects
with a distinct form of cell death termed pyroptosis that is
gasdermin-mediated and involves pore-based release of
immune-stimulatory factors ( 28–31 ).
最近有研究表明,内在的凋亡途径与一种独特的称为焦亡的细胞死亡形式有关,这是gasdermin介导的,涉及基于孔的免疫刺激因子释放。
This pore formation causes the release of immune stimulants,
including HMGB1, which are able to induce dendritic cell (DC)
activation and, in turn, propagate antitumor T-cell activity (32,
33, 35). We hypothesized that targeted inhibitor-mediated
pyroptosis leads to activation of antitumor immune responses in
BRAF-mutant melanoma.
我们假设,靶向抑制剂介导的焦亡导致了braf-突变型黑色素瘤的抗肿瘤免疫反应的激活。
在本研究中,我们使用人类和同基因小鼠黑色素瘤模型来分析GSDME相关的焦亡,因为它与BRAFi+MEKi治疗的疗效和肿瘤免疫微环境的调节有关。我们证明了BRAFi+MEKi治疗效果是由一个功能免疫系统调节的,特别是CD4和CD8
T细胞。治疗诱导的HMGB1释放、肿瘤相关的T细胞改变和肿瘤根除均依赖于GSDME。相反,BRAFi+MEKi耐药肿瘤不发生焦亡,且缺乏强大的T细胞反应。最后,恢复GSDME的切割和HMGB1的释放延迟了BRAFi+MEKi耐药肿瘤的生长。这些数据阐述了一种将BRAFi+MEKi诱导的焦亡与免疫反应联系起来的新机制,并为靶向治疗耐药黑色素瘤提供了新的挽救选择。
(1)Therapeutic Efficacy of BRAFi + MEKi Combination
Treatment In Vivo Depends on an Intact Immune
System(BRAFi+MEKi联合在体内治疗的疗效取决于一个完整的免疫系统)
(2)T Cells Are Required for Sustained Tumor Growth
Inhibition by BRAFi + MEKi
(T细胞是BRAFi+MEKi持续抑制肿瘤生长所必需的)
(3)BRAFi + MEKi Induces Markers of Immune-Stimulatory
Cell Death in BrafV600E Melanomas
(BRAFi+MEKi诱导brafv600e黑色素瘤中免疫刺激细胞死亡的标记物)。
Next, we determined whether tumor cell death was
immunestimulatory in terms of inducing T-cell expansion. To this
end, we cultured splenocytes from Pmel-1 mice (a transgenic mouse
model with T cells specific for the melanoma antigen gp100) with
conditioned medium from BRAFi+MEKi–treated tumor
cells (42). This system incubates antigenpresenting cells, like
DCs, with the immune stimulants present in the supernatant of BRAFi
+ MEKi–treated melanoma cells, allowing us to
test for promotion of T-cell ex*. The addition of conditioned
medium from BRAFi+MEKi–treated YUMM1.7 or D4M3.A
cells increased T-cell proliferation compared with medium from
DMSO-treated cells (Fig. 3G). These data suggest that during BRAFi
+ MEKi treatment, dying melanoma cells release factors that promote
T-cell expansion.
接下来,我们确定肿瘤细胞死亡在诱导T细胞扩增方面是否具有免疫刺激作用。为此,我们将pmel-1小鼠(t细胞与黑色素瘤抗原gp100的转基因小鼠模型)的脾细胞培养于BRAFi+MEKi处理的肿瘤细胞的条件培养基(42)。该系统包含抗原提呈细胞,如DCs,与BRAFi+MEKi处理的黑色素瘤细胞的上清液中存在的免疫刺激物一起培养,使我们能够测试促进T细胞的扩增情况。加入经过BRAFi+MEKi处理的yumm1.7或d4m3的条件培养基。与经过DMSO处理的细胞培养基相比,前者增加了T细胞的增殖(图3g)。这些数据表明,在BRAFi+MEKi治疗期间,死亡的黑色素瘤细胞释放出促进T细胞扩张的因子。
(4)BRAFi+MEKi Mediates GSDME-Dependent
Pyroptosis
(5)BRAFi+MEKi Combination–Resistant
Cells Do Not Undergo Pyroptosis
Together, these data suggest that the loss of
BRAFi+MEKi–induced pyroptosis and GSDME cleavage
in BRAFi+MEKi–resistant tumors is associated with
reduced antitumor immune responses.
总之,这些数据表明,在BRAFi+MEKi耐药肿瘤中,BRAFi+MEKi诱导的焦亡和gsdme切割的缺失与抗肿瘤免疫反应的减少有关。
(6)BRAFi+MEKi Combination–Resistant
Tumors Are Susceptible to Drugs That Reinduce GSDME Cleavage and
PyroptosisBRAFi+MEKi联合耐药肿瘤对重新诱导gsdme裂解和焦亡的药物敏感。
突变体Braf和Mek抑制剂通过焦亡调节肿瘤免疫微环境
突变体Braf和Mek抑制剂通过焦亡调节肿瘤免疫微环境
Mutant BRAF and MEK Inhibitors Regulate the Tumor Immune Microenvironment via Pyroptosis
Braf抑制剂和mek抑制剂(BRAFi+MEKi)的组合已被批准用于治疗Braf v600e/k突变型黑色素瘤。BRAFi+MEKi的作用与癌细胞死亡和肿瘤免疫微环境的改变有关;然而,这些联系却知之甚少。我们发现,BRAFi+MEKi以一种免疫调节方式导致了持久的黑色素瘤消退。BRAFi+MEKi处理促进了GSDME的裂解和HMGB1的释放,这是焦亡细胞死亡的标志物。GSDME缺陷的黑色素瘤在给予BRAFi+MEKi后,显示HMGB1释放缺陷,肿瘤相关的T细胞减少,活化的树突状细胞浸润减少,以及药物去除后更频繁的肿瘤再生。重要的是,BRAFi+MEKi耐药疾病缺乏焦亡标记物,显示肿瘤内T细胞扩张减少,但对焦亡诱导的化疗敏感。这些数据表明BRAFi+MEKi诱导焦亡的抗肿瘤免疫反应,并突出了耐药黑色素瘤的治疗新策略。
靶向抑制剂和免疫检查点剂促进了对黑色素瘤患者的恢复治疗;然而,对于这两个研究领域之间的交集还缺乏详细的了解。我们描述了一种分子机制,即靶向抑制剂调节一种具有免疫刺激作用的细胞死亡形式的分子机制,并为抑制剂耐药黑色素瘤提供了一个理论证明的挽救性治疗概念。
BRAFi increase MHC ex* and induce CD4 + and CD8 + T cell–dependent antitumor immunity ( 9–19 ). 可以参考具体实验步骤。
BRAFi and/or MEKi efficacy correlates with T-cell infiltration of tumors, whereas the loss of intratumoral CD8+T cells and influx of tumor-associated macrophages are associated with acquired resistance in metastatic melanoma. Brafi和/或Meki效应与肿瘤T细胞感染相关,而肿瘤内CD8 T细胞的丢失和肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的浸润与转移性黑色素瘤的获得性耐药性相关。
靶向抑制剂影响肿瘤相关T细胞的表型和功能的机制尚不完全清楚。此外,BRAFi+MEKi介导的肿瘤细胞死亡与肿瘤免疫环境改变之间的功能关系仍有待阐明。
目前已经证实,brafi和/或meki可导致braf v600e-突变的黑色素瘤细胞的程序性细胞死亡。It has recently been shown that the intrinsic apoptotic pathway intersects with a distinct form of cell death termed pyroptosis that is gasdermin-mediated and involves pore-based release of immune-stimulatory factors ( 28–31 ). 最近有研究表明,内在的凋亡途径与一种独特的称为焦亡的细胞死亡形式有关,这是gasdermin介导的,涉及基于孔的免疫刺激因子释放。
This pore formation causes the release of immune stimulants, including HMGB1, which are able to induce dendritic cell (DC) activation and, in turn, propagate antitumor T-cell activity (32, 33, 35). We hypothesized that targeted inhibitor-mediated pyroptosis leads to activation of antitumor immune responses in BRAF-mutant melanoma. 我们假设,靶向抑制剂介导的焦亡导致了braf-突变型黑色素瘤的抗肿瘤免疫反应的激活。
在本研究中,我们使用人类和同基因小鼠黑色素瘤模型来分析GSDME相关的焦亡,因为它与BRAFi+MEKi治疗的疗效和肿瘤免疫微环境的调节有关。我们证明了BRAFi+MEKi治疗效果是由一个功能免疫系统调节的,特别是CD4和CD8 T细胞。治疗诱导的HMGB1释放、肿瘤相关的T细胞改变和肿瘤根除均依赖于GSDME。相反,BRAFi+MEKi耐药肿瘤不发生焦亡,且缺乏强大的T细胞反应。最后,恢复GSDME的切割和HMGB1的释放延迟了BRAFi+MEKi耐药肿瘤的生长。这些数据阐述了一种将BRAFi+MEKi诱导的焦亡与免疫反应联系起来的新机制,并为靶向治疗耐药黑色素瘤提供了新的挽救选择。
(1)Therapeutic Efficacy of BRAFi + MEKi Combination Treatment In Vivo Depends on an Intact Immune System(BRAFi+MEKi联合在体内治疗的疗效取决于一个完整的免疫系统)
(2)T Cells Are Required for Sustained Tumor Growth Inhibition by BRAFi + MEKi (T细胞是BRAFi+MEKi持续抑制肿瘤生长所必需的)
(3)BRAFi + MEKi Induces Markers of Immune-Stimulatory Cell Death in BrafV600E Melanomas (BRAFi+MEKi诱导brafv600e黑色素瘤中免疫刺激细胞死亡的标记物)。
Next, we determined whether tumor cell death was immunestimulatory in terms of inducing T-cell expansion. To this end, we cultured splenocytes from Pmel-1 mice (a transgenic mouse model with T cells specific for the melanoma antigen gp100) with conditioned medium from BRAFi+MEKi–treated tumor cells (42). This system incubates antigenpresenting cells, like DCs, with the immune stimulants present in the supernatant of BRAFi + MEKi–treated melanoma cells, allowing us to test for promotion of T-cell ex*. The addition of conditioned medium from BRAFi+MEKi–treated YUMM1.7 or D4M3.A cells increased T-cell proliferation compared with medium from DMSO-treated cells (Fig. 3G). These data suggest that during BRAFi + MEKi treatment, dying melanoma cells release factors that promote T-cell expansion. 接下来,我们确定肿瘤细胞死亡在诱导T细胞扩增方面是否具有免疫刺激作用。为此,我们将pmel-1小鼠(t细胞与黑色素瘤抗原gp100的转基因小鼠模型)的脾细胞培养于BRAFi+MEKi处理的肿瘤细胞的条件培养基(42)。该系统包含抗原提呈细胞,如DCs,与BRAFi+MEKi处理的黑色素瘤细胞的上清液中存在的免疫刺激物一起培养,使我们能够测试促进T细胞的扩增情况。加入经过BRAFi+MEKi处理的yumm1.7或d4m3的条件培养基。与经过DMSO处理的细胞培养基相比,前者增加了T细胞的增殖(图3g)。这些数据表明,在BRAFi+MEKi治疗期间,死亡的黑色素瘤细胞释放出促进T细胞扩张的因子。
(4)BRAFi+MEKi Mediates GSDME-Dependent Pyroptosis
(5)BRAFi+MEKi Combination–Resistant Cells Do Not Undergo Pyroptosis
Together, these data suggest that the loss of BRAFi+MEKi–induced pyroptosis and GSDME cleavage in BRAFi+MEKi–resistant tumors is associated with reduced antitumor immune responses. 总之,这些数据表明,在BRAFi+MEKi耐药肿瘤中,BRAFi+MEKi诱导的焦亡和gsdme切割的缺失与抗肿瘤免疫反应的减少有关。
(6)BRAFi+MEKi Combination–Resistant Tumors Are Susceptible to Drugs That Reinduce GSDME Cleavage and PyroptosisBRAFi+MEKi联合耐药肿瘤对重新诱导gsdme裂解和焦亡的药物敏感。