英语词类手册介词分册 第四章 英语介词by与for

 

第三节 英语介词by用法例析(下) C之二

 

编者  四川大竹  张有樑

 

（续前：五、无需冠词的by宾语 2. by宾语为抽象名词的by短语 by+D头抽象名词B）

by+E头抽象名词

by ear  凭听觉——to play it by ear 见机行事／随机应变

例：She plays the piano entirely by ear.  他演奏钢琴完全凭听觉记忆，不用乐谱。

Some people learn how to play jazz by ear. 一些人学习如何不看乐谱来演奏爵士乐。

Peter can play the most difficult piano music by ear.  彼得能不看乐谱弹奏最难的钢琴曲。

Facing his enemy, he had to play it by ear.   面队敌人，他只有随机应变了。

I will arrange everything and just play it by ear.   我会安排一切并且随机应变。

If you play it by ear, you can lose your chance. 你如果不事先作好准备，会失去这次机会。

 

by easy stages  途中行行歇歇地／从容不迫地

例：They climbed the mountain by easy stages.  他们走走歇歇地爬上山。

The tour crosses India by easy stage. 在印度全国旅游期间，对所到地方稍做逗留。

We travelled by easy stages, stopping often along the way. 

我们从容不迫地一站站地旅行，常常在沿途停下。

 

by election  递补选举

例：They filled up the vacancy by election. 通过选举填补空额。

Trade Union representatives are chosen by election. 工会代表是经选举产生的。

How are members of Parliament chosen by election？议会议员是如何通过选举选出的？

Under the Basic Law, the Legislative Council of the HKSAR shall be constituted by election.   《基本法》规定，香港特别行政区立法会由选举产生。

 

by end 到最后

←→by end of 到…末尾

例：The study was scheduled for completion by end 2004.    有关研究定于2004年年底前完成。

We have received your invoice no bf 5087 will remit you by end next week.

我们已收到你方BF 5087号发票，下周末汇款。

→We will finish the task by end of this month.  我们到本月底将完成任务。

You will be informed of the result in writing by end of May.

审批结果将于五月下旬以书面通知。

 

by examination  通过考试／经过审核

例：Admission to the school is by examination. 进入该校要经过考试。

Entrance to the college is by examination only. 入读这所学院只有通过考试。

This document should be approved by examination, and verification. 

这份文件要经过核审后才能确定。

 

by example举例／以例作为…——与某些动词或名词搭配的用例列举。

例：Teach others by your example. 你要以身作则。

He teaches children by example.  他用榜样教育儿童。

We educators must try to lead by example. 我们教育工作者必须做到以身作则。

He can lead by example【=set an example】, take the lead.    他能做到以身作则，身先士卒。

Each pupil is encouraged by examples. 每个小学生都受到了榜样的鼓舞。

 “Everyone learns by example,” says Rosenzweig.“榜样的力量无穷大，”罗森薇格说。

It is better to convince by argument than seduce by example. 以理说服强于举例诱导。

The teacher enforced the principle by examples. 这位教师引用实例来强调这条原则。

They admonished him of his duty by example. 他们用实例提醒人注意责任。【by前为名词】

Illustration by example is better than explanation in words.用实例说明比用词语解释清楚。

 

by exercise 靠练习／通过运动

←→by exercising 通过锻炼

例：Will power is strengthened by exercise.  意志力通过运动加强。

Our bodies are strengthened by exercise; similarly our minds are developed by learning.

我们的身体得到锻炼，同样我们的思想是由学习发展。

In judokas and wrestlers there often occur special wounds of auricle induced by exercise. 

在柔道和摔跤专项运动中，常发生一种特殊的耳廓运动性损伤.

→I like to work out almost everyday by exercising so that I keep in shape.

我几乎每天都做运动以保持身材。

Stress incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine produced by coughing, (by) laughing or (by) exercising. 压力性尿失禁是指在咳嗽, 发笑及锻炼时，小便不自主排出。

 

by experience  凭经验

例：Dexterity comes by experience. 熟练来自经验。

You must learn to profit by experience. 你必须学会从自己的经历中获益。

The best way to learn is to learn by experience. 学习的最佳办法就是从经验中学习。

Some people learn by experiment and others learn by experience. 

一些人通过实验学习,另一些人则从经验中学习。

 

by extension  相关地／结果是

例：This class can be used to derive simple types by extension.此类可用于按扩展派生简单类型。

By extension, an array is of any number of dimensions.

广义来说，矩阵可以是任意维数的数组。

The blame lies with the teachers and, by extension, with the Education Service.  

应受指责的是那些教师，再则就是教育机构。

（未完待续）