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英语词类手册介词分册第四章第三节英语介词by用法例析(下)D

(2019-05-20 16:43:46)
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英语介词by

分类: 英语语法词类

 

英语词类手册介词分册 第四章 英语介词byfor

 

第三节 英语介词by用法例析() D

 

编者  四川大竹  张有樑

(续前:五、无需冠词的by宾语 2. by宾语为抽象名词的by短语 by+E头抽象名词)

by+F~G头抽象名词

by far 到目前为止/显然/明显地/最/极高

例:It is quicker by far to go by train.    乘火车要快得多。【用于比较级】

His explanation is clearer by far than mine.    他的解释比我的清楚多了。

She is the best by farShe is by far the best.    她显然是最好的。【用于最高级】

This is by far the largest cake in the world.    这是目前世界上最大的蛋糕了。

She is by far the best executive in the company.  她目前是公司中最为优秀的决策人。

Of the two, this is the better by far   二者之中,这个要好得多。【其它用法】

She outshone by far all the girls of her age.   她比她同年龄的姑娘们光彩照人得多。

The books would benefit by further revision.   这本书要是能再修改一下就会更好了。

 

by fits 间歇地——by fits and starts一阵一阵地忽冷忽热时断时续作辍无常

My watch goes by fits and starts.  我的手表走走停停。

Youth only recognizes age by fits and starts.  青春只是偶尔认识老年。

He did the work by fits and snatches 他断断续续地做这工作。

Poets were often visited by fits of gloom   诗人常有一阵阵忧郁。

 

by footon foot 步行【习惯常用后者】

例:To travel by foot is a good means of sport. 徒步旅行是一种很好的运动方式。

It only needs 7 minutes by foot at this distance. 这段距离步行只需7分钟。

Road is by foot, history is written by the people. 路是脚踏出来的,历史是人写出来的。

He got off the bus and proceeded home on foot  他下了汽车,步行回家。

If the weather permits, I'll go to town on foot 如果天气许可,我将步行进城。

The cinema is not far, you can get there on foot 电影院不远,你可以走到那去。

Misfortunes come on wings and depart on foot 祸来如飞行,祸去似步行。【谚】

 

by for ——此应归属于短语介词,其用法是与一定的动词如standput等配用,具体表意视前面所配用的动词和后面的宾语而定,基本含义为“为...(所作准备)”。

Stand by for further orders! 准备好待命!

The truck was forced to lie by for repairs.  卡车不得不停下来修理。

They put money by for later use.  他们储存钱以备将来使用。

The company set this sum by for future use. 公司把这笔款留作将来之用。

These oranges were put by for the winter.  这些桔子被储存起来留到冬天吃。

“Jim,” he whispered, “take that, and stand by for trouble.”

“吉姆,”他悄声说,“拿着这个,以防出乱子。”

 

by forty  40之数;非常厉害地猛烈地【美口语】

例:He sticks to his principles by forty他绝对坚持他的原则

They fired at the enemy positions by fortyviolently. 他们向敌方阵地猛烈开炮。

He outweighed me by forty pounds.  他比我重四十磅。

The meeting was delayed by forty minutes. 会议迟了40分钟才开始。

The room measures fifteen feet wide by forty feet deep.    该房间宽十五尺,深四十尺。

 

by force 用武力/用强迫手段

例:Social order is imposed by force. 社会秩序是靠武力强加于人的。by force

He was cleared out of the office by force. 他被强行赶出了办公室。

The country was held under by force 那个国家是用武力镇压来维持统治的。

The thief took the money from the old man by force. 小偷用暴力夺走了老人的钱。

 

by fair means 秉公/用公平手段——by fair means or foul 千方百计不择手段

例:We were not captured by fair means. 我们不是公平地被抓的。

The mediator always treats the both sides of the conflict by fair means.

那调解员总是公平地对待闹矛盾的双方。

He made a great fortune by fair means or foul. 他不择手段地发了一笔大财。

She’s determined to win, by fair means or foul她决心要赢,那怕是不择手段。

Many businessmen make their fortune by fair means or foul.

许多商人为了赚钱而不择手段。

 

by george  天啊;确实的确;由乔治

By George, but it sounds good, Aleck!”“老天, 听起来真不错, 艾莱柯!

It couldn’t be, by George, that she was deceiving me. 天啊!她不会是在欺骗我吧!

By George, that’s so, I must go and call on her before I go away.”

“我走之前,一定要去看看她。”

She cites a favourite poem by George Herbert. 她引用了她最喜爱的一首乔治·赫伯特的诗。

He developed the movie from a play by George Axelrod. 

这部影片改编自乔治·阿里克谢劳德创作的戏剧。

 

by gravity 自流() 由于重力

例:The stone rolled down the hill by gravity石头在重力作用下向山下滚去。

Contents pass by gravity into a receptacle below.  物体通过重力沉入容器的底部。

This water was distributed to and over the fields primarily by gravity flow.   

这些水主要靠自流灌溉到田里。

The purified water then descends by gravity to a basement holding tank.   

经过净化的水靠重力流到地下室的另一个集水箱里。

 

by guile 诡计

例:He persuaded her to sign the document by guile 他用欺骗手段说服她在文件上签字。

But be it so: I did not burthen you: but being crafty, I caught you by guile  

是啊!我没有连累过你们,但我是出于狡猾,以诡诈榨取了你们。

But let it be so! I did not burden you; but, as some of you say, being crafty, I took youby guile   罢了!我并没有加给你们担子,你们却有人说,我是狡猾诡诈,用诡计牢笼你们。

 

by+H头抽象名词

by hand 亲手用手工靠手做

例:All the work had to be done by hand. 所有的活都用手工做。

The rug was obviously made by hand. 这地毯显然是手工织的。

I’d rather deliver it by hand than post it. 这东西我宁愿亲手递交也不想邮寄。

We’ll wash this sweater by hand in cold water.  我们将用冷水手洗这件毛衣。

Being short of sickles, they are reaping by hand 由于缺少镰刀,他们在徒手收割庄稼。

 

by habit  出于习惯

例:I did do this on purpose, but by habit我不是有意那么做的, 我那样做纯属习惯。

She was a brunette by birth but a blonde by habit.她生来头发为棕色,但习惯上是金色的。

If you’re just operating by habit, then youre not really living. 

如果你正在被自己的习惯操纵着, 那么你并不是在真正地生活。

 

by hap偶然碰巧

例:May your son be blessed by hap and happiness.  愿你儿子走运幸福。

This journey was to be accompanied by haps 这个旅程将常有意外事件。

 

by happenstance 巧合

例:The show came about almost by happenstance   这次应邀演出纯属偶然。

I came to live at the farm by happenstance 我来到这个农场住下,纯属偶然。

On the business battlefield, the power of marketing can be blown to bits by happenstance  

在生意战场上,市场营销的力量在细节上体现出来。

 

by hazard 偶然/碰运气/危急之中胡乱地

例:I caught this horse by hazard 我抓住了这匹马也是碰巧了。

They try to make up for the loss caused by geological hazard.

他们试图弥补由地质灾害造成的损失。

The man who fell into the water caught by hazard a piece of wood floating around him.

落水的那人慌乱地抓住了一根漂过身边的木头。

 

by heart 凭记性凭记忆熟记牢记learn…by heart 背诵】

例:The orator had conned it by heart演讲者已把它熟记在心。

A diligent student will get his lessons by heart. 一个用功的学生会熟读他的功课。

The boy soon learned the poem by heart 这男孩不久便能熟背这首诗了。

It is important to learn large numbers of phrases by heart 背诵很多英文词组很重要。

 

By Heaven! 老天在上!

例:By Heaven! It’s raining at last!  天哪!终于下雨了!

By heaven, you do me wrong. 天啊,您不该这样侮辱我!

By heaven, they ought to be worked in quicksilver mines. 

但愿苍天有眼,让他们到水银矿上去作苦工。

By heaven, I’ll whip the fellow who played this trick.   

老天爷在上,我要逮住玩这鬼花招的家伙,非得抽他不可。

 

by hookby hook onby hook or by crook 用尽方法不择手段/千方百计

例:We’ve managed, by hook, to stop them. 我们千方百计成功地阻止了他们。

I’ll get the work finished this week by hook on我会想方设法在本周完成这项工作。

By hook or by crook, you must quit drugs! 你必须尽你全力去戒掉毒品!

I’ll get her to marry me, by hook or by crook我要想方设法让她同我结婚

The construction company had to get the contract, by hook or by crook  

那家建设公司欲得契约,不择手段。

 

by+I~J头抽象名词

by implication  暗中/含蓄地暗示地

例:He is by implication requesting me to resign. 他示意要我辞职。

I said little, but a great deal by implication 我说的很少,但却有很多言外之意。

He seemed by implication to acknowledge that fact. 他似乎含蓄地承认了那事实。

Failure to say “No”, by implication, may be taken to mean “Yes”.   

没有否定,就可能意味着默认。

 

by inches  一点一点地/好不容易地/逐渐缓慢地

例:Evil come to us by ell and go away by inch   罪恶于人,进退

We escaped from the accident by inches 我们差点儿就出意外了。

He shot at the wild boar missed by inches  就差几英寸他就打中那头野猪了。

The river was rising by inches, threatening us.    河水渐渐地涨上来了,威胁着我们。

 

by indirection  拐弯抹角地/用间接的方式

例:He tried to find out by indirection. 他试图通过间接方式来查明真相。

These verbs mean to convey thoughts or ideas by indirection. 

这些动词的意思是用间接的方式传达思想或观点.

Politics is marginal, but literature moves along by indirection  

政治并不重要,但文学却是在迂回中前进。

 

by inference 用推理方法/根据推理/推论

例:If he is guilty then by inference so is she. 如果他有罪,那么根据推断,她也有罪。inference

She talked of divorce but only by inference. 她提到了离婚,但没有明说,只是旁敲侧击。

It had an extremely tiny head and, by inference, a tiny brain. 

它的头非常小, 由此可推断它的大脑也很小。

Our conclusions were arrived at by inference, not by direct evidence. 

我们的结论是推断出来的, 而不是靠直接的证据。

 

by instinct出于本能凭本能

例:Animals know their enemy by instinct   动物凭本能识别敌人。by instinct

Women know these things by instinct女人凭本能知道这些事情。

Babies cry by instinct when they are hungry.   婴儿饿了会本能地哭起来。

 

by intention 故意地/有意地

←→intentional 有意的故意的intentionally有意地故意地

例:He showed his anger by intention breaking the vase.    他故意打破花瓶以示愤怒。

The magpie is lucky bird therefore also by intention喜鹊因此也被人意为吉祥鸟。

Something that is intentional is deliberate. 故意的事情意的

How can I blame him? It wasn’t intentional. 我怎么能怪他呢?那又不是有意的。

I’ve never intentionally hurt anyone... 我从没故意伤害过任何人。

The figures are intentionally misleading. 这些数字是在有意误导。

 

by intuition 凭直觉            

He knew this thing by intuition 他凭直觉了解这件事。by intuition

She sensed what was wrong by intuition.  她凭直觉意识到什么地方出毛病了。

But I knew we were going to win by intuition 但我凭直觉就知道我们会赢。

 

by invitation 凭请柬

例:Admission is by invitation only.  凭请柬入场。by invitation

Entry to this competition is by invitation only. 只有受邀请才能参加本次竞赛。

Admission to the exhibition will be by invitation only. 只有持邀请函者才可进入展览会。

 

By jingo! 哎呀!一定!没错!——此类感叹词,根据句意实有多种译法。

例:You’re right, by jingo 啊!你完全正确!

I am sure you can do it, by jingo 没错! 我相信你做得来。

  By Jingo! I think so mineself,” Hans affirmed. “妈的!我也这么想。”哈斯赞同说。

By jingo, I’m leaving here in spite of the blizzard.老天作证!哪怕狂风暴雪我都要离开这儿。

 

by jowl相联【常与cheek连用】——cheek by jowl 紧紧靠着/密切联系

cheek by jowl with 紧靠着/与非常亲昵

例:They live cheek by jowl in the village.   他们住在这个村子里,房子紧紧挨着。

挨着I saw them sitting cheek by jowl in the theatre. 我看见他们在戏院里亲昵地坐在一起。

Some people say the unions and this government are cheek by jowl

有人说工会与这届政府关系密切,有如唇齿相依。

My house stands cheek by jowl with hers. 我家与她家紧邻。

My house stands cheek by jowl with a department store. 我家紧靠一家百货商店。

We see the union leaders cheek by jowl with the capitalists. 

我们看到工会领导人和资本家们打得火热。

(未完待续)

说明一下:本次发博之“英语词类手册介词分册第四章第三节 英语介词by用法例析()”中的C、E、F都被判有“非法字符”而被拒发,真不知何为非法字符。奈何!以后找机会再说吧。



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