第四章 介词by与for  第一节 英语介词by用法例析(上)目录

一、by介词短语的构成与表意

1. by+地点、时间名词

by+the+地点名词

by the lake、by the river、by the tree、

by the fire、by the door、by the window

by+表时间词语

by now、by then、by this／that time、by next …、by…o’clock

2. by+带冠或无冠名词

by+the+量名词

名词：~ day、~ month、~yard、~metre、~ton、~pound、~gallon、

~dozen、~piece、~square meter、~catty(jin)、~kilo

时、长、重等总称名：by time、by area、by length、by distance、

by depth、by bulk、by height、by volume、by width、by weight

by意表“就…而言／按…”

血统来源：by birth、by blood、by nature、by origin

社会规律：by definition、by education、by daylight、by night／day

by trade、by profession、by religion、by nature

by+输传类相关物名

交通工具名：by plane／aeroplane／airplane、by rocket、by train、

by high-speed train、by tram、by taxi、by bus、by truck、by bike／bicycle、

by motorcycle／motorbike、by boat、by ship

交通工具承载物：by rail、by road、by tube／underground、

by subway／metro、by sea、by water、by land、by air／by air freight

传送物件或工具：by mail、by air mail、by ordinary mail、by registered mail、

by mail order、by express、by letter、by post、by fax、by goods、by freight

无线电类：by radio／wireless、by cable／by telegram、

by radar 、by radiation、by phone、by／via mobile phone

二、习惯用语中的介词by

1. 含by的短语介词

“by…of”式短语介词A

(not) by any stretch of  by dint of  by disposing of

by exchange of by feat of by force of

 by lack of by means of by occasion of 

“by…of”式短语介词B

by order of by reason of by return of by right of 

by rule of thumb by use of by virtue of by way of

“by the…of”式短语介词

by the end of by the side of by the light of

 by the presence of by the grace of

“by a…of”式短语介词

by a margin of by a piece of by a score of  by occasion of  由于／因为

 “by…with／to”式短语介词

by／in comparison with  by contrast with by reference to

2. 特定结构的by短语

(all)by oneself系列

通性的by oneself  by oneself单数形式

by oneself复数形式 all by oneself

“by one’s (own)…”结构

“by one’s …”结构 “by one’s own …”结构

含by的相间重复结构

“… by …”式

one by one、two by two、file by file 、drop by drop、little by little、bit by bit、

blow by blow、inch by inch、year by year、month by month、week by week、

day by day、hour by hour、minute by minute

“by … by”式

by and by、by day and by night、by guess and by god、by hook or by crook