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英语词类手册介词分册 第二章 几个A头介词与几个B头介词

第六节  英语介词against 用法例析㈠

编者  四川大竹  张有樑

 

一、介词against常用法

1. against及其习用短语介词

⑴介词against常用表意

①against表示意愿或态度上的“反对／违背”——其反义词为 for(赞成)。若表“强烈反对”，一般与副词 strongly搭配。

例：We are for peace and against war. 我们赞成和平，反对战争。

Are you for or against my plan? 对于我的计划你是赞成还是反对？

There were 20 votes for him and 12 against him. 有20票赞成他，12票反对他。

The people declare against the war.    人民宣布反对这场战争。

All civilization ought to be aroused against war. 应唤起整个文明世界来反对战争。

No one dared to speak out against the injustice.    没人敢对不公正行为表示公开反对。

Ed spoke up against letting girls join the club.    艾德发言表示反对让女孩加入俱乐部。

For many years they warred against Nazi Germany.  他们同纳粹德国作战长达几年。

They sounded a sharp warning against all these tendencies. 

对于这种种倾向，他们发出了严厉的警告。

若：They are strongly against the idea. 他们强烈反对这个意见。

Public opinion is strongly against his visit to the country. 舆论强烈反对他访问这个国家。

 

②against意表“逆”——与某个方向或过程相反，如against the stream(逆流)、against the wind(逆风)等；若问against the wind的反义词，便是with the wind(顺风)。

→A ←against the law 违法

→b ←drive against the traffic (汽车)逆行

例：He often swims against the stream. 他常逆流游泳。

We were rowing against the current. 我们逆水划船。

They sailed against the wind. 他们顶着风航行。

The ship beat back against a monsoon.    船逆着季风艰难地行驶。

Now our car is running against the wind. 现在我们的汽车正逆风行驶。

A boat sailing against the current must forge ahead or it will be driven back.

逆水行舟，不进则退。

若：The big ship is sailing with the wind.  这个大船正随风向航行。【with the wind】

It’s easier to cycle with the wind behind you.    顺风骑车省力气。

The turbulent love has faded away with the wind.   飘摇曲折的爱情随风消逝。

A →They have transgressed against the law.    他们违法了。

Everyone should not trespass against the law.    人人都不应违犯法律。

Misappropriating public funds is against the law.  挪用国有资金是违法行为。

They told him that he had offended against the law.    他被他们告知违反了法律。

b →The driver was driving his car against the traffic. 那司机开着车在逆向行驶。

Why is the man driving against the traffic? 为什么那人在(单行车道上)逆向开车？

 

③against表示位置，意为“紧靠着／倚靠在／毗连”等。

例：Place the ladder against the wall. 把梯子靠在墙上。  

He stood there leaning against the wall. 他斜靠着墙站在那里。

He stood with his back against the door. 他背靠着门站着。

Put your bicycle against the tree. 把你的自行车靠在树上吧。

Put the piano there, with its back against the wall. 把钢琴放在那里, 背靠着墙。

They live in the house against the church. 他们住在教堂隔壁的房子里。

Their house is over against the laboratory. 他们的房子正在实验室对面。

 

④against表“撞击／碰着”意。——hit sb.’s part against …某人身体某部位撞在…上。

例：The waves dashed against the shore. 波涛撞击海岸。 

The rain was beating against the windows. 雨点拍打着窗户。

The rain beat against the car windscreen. 雨点打在汽车挡风玻璃上。

She hit her knee against the angle of the bed.  她的膝盖撞到床角上了。

Tom hit his head against a tree in the dark. 黑暗中汤姆的头撞在一棵树上。

Don’t throw the ball against the wall; don’t mess up the wall.不要用球击墙，把墙弄脏了。

When he threw the ball against the wall, it bounced back.

当他把球扔到墙上,球便弹了回来。

 

⑤against 意“由…衬托／以…为背景”。

例：This colour is green against the gold.  这种颜色是金黄色打底的绿色。

He saw the tower in relief against the sky. 他看到那塔耸立在空中，轮廓十分鲜明。

The huge trees were profiled against the night sky.   在夜空的映衬下显出大树的轮廓。

The pine trees were black against the morning sky.在早晨天空映照下, 那些松树呈黑色。

The little red house looks so beautiful against the green woods. 

  那座红色的小屋在翠绿的森林衬托下显得很美。 

The skier’s red clothes stood out clearly against the snow.

滑雪者的红衣服在雪的衬托下显得分外醒目。

I saw the grey summit of the mountain against a wonderful background of blue sky.

我看见灰色的顶峰后面衬着蔚蓝色天空的绝妙背景。

 

   ⑥against表“预期／以备／期待着／为…做准备”——以…为抵抗／抵御对象；以…为防御措施。

例：We should provide against a poor crop. 我们应防备歉收。

That was food stored against winter. 那是为过冬贮备的食物。

We are all taking medicine against the cold. 我们都服药以防感冒。

Antibiotic can be usedagainst infection. 抗菌素可以用来防止感染。

He urged them to guard against conceit.    他要求他们防止骄傲自满。

People are warned against pick-pockets. 人们得到告诫，要谨防扒手。

Carefulness insures you against errors.   谨慎细致可使你避免发生差错。

We have saved some money against our old age.    我们存了一些钱，以备老年之用。

The forest will act as a defense against desert dust.   森林能起防御沙漠灰沙的作用。

Buying a house is the best hedge against inflation.    购买房子是防止通货膨胀的最佳保障。

We bought some warm clothes against the coming winter. 

 我们添置了一些御寒的衣服以迎接即将来临的冬季。 

 

⑦against意表“交换／回报”——用…抵付／凭…换取／以…报答。

例：This trade is one thing against another. 这种交易就是以物易物。

What’s the rate of exchange against the dollar? 美元的兑换率是多少?

Do you know today’s the rate against U.S. dollars? 你知道今天的美元兑换率吗?

Tickets are issued only against payment of the full fee. 只有付讫全费才可将票发出。

 

⑧against表“款项支付”——作为…的借项；作为(账)上的应收的款项／入(账户)的借方。

例：Many bills were entered against her accounts. 许多账单被记入她的账户。

I want to draw a check against my bank balance. 我想开支票支取自己的银行结余。

Can I have an advance against next month’s salary? 我能从下月工资中预支一部分款项吗？

 

⑨against意表“对…不利／不利于”。

例：She has said nothing against you.  她并没有说任何对你不利的话。

She grasped an evidence against him.  她抓住了一个对他不利的证据。

I’m afraid that the judge might rule against him. 恐怕法官的判决会于他不利。

 

⑩against表时间——以…(时间)为标准；【方言】到(某时)之前／不迟于。

→A ←against time 争分夺秒地(赶时间)／尽快地

→b ←talk against time 在规定时间内尽快讲完／用谈话消磨时间

例：Be ready against mother comes home. 在母亲回家之前准备好。【此against为连词(古语)】

We must finish our work against Saturday. 我们必须在星期六之前做完我们的工作。

I checked my watch against GMT.我以格林威治时间对表。

【GMT=Greenwich Mean Time格林威治标准时间】

A →He always works against time. 他总是以最快的速度工作。【against time】

The Chinese people are racing against time.    中国人民正在与时间赛跑。

The young reformers were in a race against time.  年轻的改革家们在跟时间赛跑。

The men are working against time to finish the bridge.    工人们争分夺秒赶建大桥。

Early treatment against time is absolutely of necessity.    因此，早期治疗非常必要。

I feel like living is a race against time and death. 我觉得生命是一场跟时间和死亡的竞赛。

He is writing against time a novel for a publishing house.   

他正在为一家出版社赶写一部小说。

b →The chairman is talking against time.    主持人故意拖时间。【talk against time】

The Australian politician can talk against time by the hour   

那位澳大利亚政客可以整小时地谈话来拖时间。

The obstructive members blocked all parliamentary business by talking against time.   

那些故意捣蛋的议员以拖延发言时间来阻挠议会全部工作的进展。

 

⑵由against结尾的短语介词

①as against与...比较／比起…来——as against和against都可表“对照、对比”关系。

例：The salaries here are low as against the rates elsewhere.这里的薪水与别处相比是很低的。

As against last year, our grain output has increased by more than 6 per cent.

与去年相比，我们的粮食生产增加了百分之六以上。

The factory has produced 95,000 tons of sugar this year, as against the 59,300 tons of last year. 这个厂今年已生产了95,000吨糖，而去年只生产59,300吨。【意译】

The park opens five hours a day this year (as) against three hours a day last year.

这公园今年每天开放五小时, 而去年每天开放三小时。

He was elected by a majority of 30 votes against 15. 他以30票对15票的多数当选。

She was elected chairman by a majority of 50 votes against 10.

她以五十对十票的多数被选为主席。【chairman为主语补语】

 

②(a) charge against 控告／归咎于——该短语前可与多个动词分别组合表达相同意思。

如：bring a charge against控告／对…提起诉讼 file a charge against 控告

lay a charge against 对…提出指控        make a charge against 指控／非难

prefer a charge against 控告              swere a charge against 发誓反对／起诉

trump up a charge against 虚构罪名诬告

另有类似结构表达，如suit against(对…诉讼)／

例：The company brought a charge against him.    该公司控告了他。

The police brought a charge against the thief.   警察控告那盗贼。

The police brought a charge of murder against him. 警察以凶杀罪控告他。

She filed charges against my associate.    她对我的同事提起诉讼。

I am damn well going to file charges against him.    我肯定要对他提出控告。

The police have laid a serious charge against you.  警方已对你提出严重的指控。

Why did you make a charge against me? 你为什么要控告我？

Mr. Burger made a charge against his enemy.    伯格先生批评他的敌人。

He preferred a charge against the robber.    他控告那名盗贼。

Police preferred charges against him for theft.   警方指控他有偷窃行为。

He preferred a charge against the motorist.  他对这个驾驶汽车者提出控告。

Someone swore a charge against him as a robber.    有人一口咬定他是强盗。

She swore a charge against her boss for sexual assault.她发誓要起诉老板的性侵犯。

The emperor trumped up a charge against him and confiscates all his property.   

皇上虚构了一项罪名给他，并且没收了他的所有财产。

另：He decided to bring a suit against his boss. 他决定起诉他的老板。

She filed a suit against the college for sex discrimination.

她对那所大学提出性别歧视的诉讼。

 

③thrust against 向…发起攻击／对…推搡

例：We launched a thrust against the island.    我们向岛屿发起了攻击。

The enemy made a thrust against our troop.   敌人向我军发动了袭击。

It was crowded in the street, everyone thrust against others.walking unsteadily.   

大街上人很多，你推我我推你地，走不稳当。【此两句中thrust为动词】

The main German thrust against the recalcitrant Yugoslavs would clearly come through Rumania.    德国进击顽强不驯的南斯拉夫人的主要力量显然是取道罗马尼亚。

 

④claim against (根据…)有权要求得到／要求…的赔偿——但此claim有时也用作动词。

例：We can’t but lodge a claim against you.    我们不得不向你方提出索赔。

They lodged a compensation claim against the factory.    他们向工厂提出了赔偿要求。

We have no intention to make a claim against you.  我方不是有意向你方索赔。

We filed a claim against you for the shortweight. 关于短重问题，我们已向你方提出索赔。

We have to raise a claim against you for poor packing. 我们只得向你方提出包装不善索赔。

但：Can defendant claim against the plaintiff?    被告能针对原告提出主张吗?

He can claim against the fire insurance.    根据火灾保险合同，他能有权要求一笔钱。

You should be able to claim against the car insurance.   你可以要求得到汽车保险金。

 

⑤combat against 与(敌人)斗争／战斗／搏斗

例：The mace had little practical use other than in combat against enemies.

这种狼牙棒除了打击敌人以外，其实也没有什么实际作用。

I’ve been in combat against tougher guys than Sollozzo and under worse conditions.

我是身经百战的好汉，见过比索洛佐更厉害的家伙，也经历过更严峻的考验。

The contents of the report as previously leaked, an informer from a variety of combat against the press, enough to make people think about all scared.  而此前因为举报内容被泄露，举报人遭受各种打击与侵害的新闻事件，足以让人想起来都后怕不已。

Elites find rivals in their counterparts just as eagles never combat against sparrows unless they are in a state of mental deviation or aberration.【该combat,动词】

雄鹰从不与山雀摆擂台，精英总是以精英为对手，除非他们心理变态、精神失常。

 

⑥dead (set) against 【口语】断然反对／正对着——多是在系动词后用作表语。

例：They were dead against our trip.    他们完全反对我们的旅行。

Someone is dead against your plan.    有人拼命反对你的计划。

I am dead against borrowing money from others.    我绝对不赞成向别人借钱。

They were dead set against us coming here.    他们坚决反对我们来这里。

Her father was dead set against her marrying Tom.    父亲坚决反对她嫁给汤姆。

The wind was dead against us then.    当时，大风正好向我们迎面吹来。

Close the door, please.The wind is blowing dead against me.  请关上门, 风正对着我吹。

 

⑦over against 在...对面／与...成鲜明的对比

例：He lived over against the temple.    他住在那寺庙的正对面。

Our car is over against the building.    我们的汽车就在楼前。

Their school is over against the hospital.    他们的学校在医院的对面。

He sat down in a chair on the hearth, over against Mr. Lorry.   

他在壁炉前的椅子上坐下，面对着罗瑞先生。

Buck staggered over against the sled, exhausted, sobbing for breath, helpless.   

巴克摇晃着走过去，无助地靠在雪橇上喘息，他已精疲力竭了。

 

⑧up against 【美国口语】面临困境／倚衬着

例：We are now up against difficulties.    我们现在正面临困难。⑨⑩

He propped his bicycle up against the fence.    他把脚踏车靠在篱笆上。

The dog nestled up against the warm radiator.    狗倚着暖烘烘的散热器。

The black shows up against the white.    在白色的衬托下，黑色很显目。

（未完待续）