英语词类手册 介词分册 第一章第三节 英语介词的运用㈢

 

（续前：一、英语介词短语的构成 1.介词＋单词宾语→介词短语 ⑷介词+数词）

2. 英语介词＋非单词宾语→介词短语

上面讲的介词宾语都是由一个个的单词充当，但有的时候，介词宾语并不都是那么单纯，而是由非单词的短语甚至是从句用作介词的宾语。

⑴介词+动词不定式——动词不定式用作介词宾语是有条件的。

介词but／except +带to不定式——介词but或except意表“除…之外”，若其后需接动词作宾语时，这动词通常用不定式，而不用动名词。

①在含有否定意义的句子中，不定式可用作介词except (除…外)的宾语。

例：We went nowhere except to school. 除了学校，我们哪儿也没有去。

He had no choice except to spit it out. 逼得他无所适从，只好一吐为快。

He seldom comes except to ask me for help. 他除了找我帮忙就很少来这里。

It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生气外，没产生任何效果。

He never came to visit except to borrow something. 他除了来借东西以外，从不来访。

They had no operational plan except to hang on. 他们除坚守以外并没有其他作战计划。

I can do nothingfor them except to send them money.我除了给他们寄钱，什么也帮不了。

The speaker has no other purpose except to make people laugh.

这位演说者除了想搞笑之外，没有别的目的。

 

②当but用作介词并与介词except同义时，也可在否定句中用带to不定式作其宾语。

例：Nothingremains but to die. 除了死别无它法。

They desired nothing but to succeed. 他们只想成功。

We have no alternative, but to do it. 我们别无选择，只能做了。

I’ll have no alternative but to go with you. 我除了跟你走外别无选择。

I had no choice but to wait. (当时)除了等，我没有别的选择。

He had no choice but to take the job. 他别无选择，只得接受那项工作。

 

③当介词but或except前面出现有动词do或其变形does、did、done的时候，其后用作宾语的不定式通常省略不定式符号to【即用无to不定式】。

例：She did nothing but cry．她除了哭便一筹莫展。【后接无to不定式】

They did nothing but complain. 他们老是一个劲地抱怨。

He never did anything but watch TV. 除了看电视，他从不干任何事。

I can do everything except cook. 除了做饭我什么事都会做。

I could do nothing except agree. 我除了同意，没有别的办法。

She was willing to do anything except tell me her mane.

她怎么都行，就是不肯把她的名字告诉我。

 

④在cannot but (不得不／不由得／禁不住)，cannot help but (不得不／无奈)等结构中，也应跟用不带to的不定式作介词but的宾语。

例：We cannot but laugh. 我们不禁大笑起来。 【这不如接动名词普通】

I cannot but agree to your decision. 我不得不同意你的决定。

The caves cannot but inspire wonder in the beholder. 这些洞穴让观者无不叹为观止。

I cannot (help) but think that．我不由得那么想。

I cannot help but admire his courage. 我不得不佩服他的勇气。

When it rains, you cannot help but get your shoes wet. 下雨天，你的鞋子岂能不沾湿。

The huntsman cannot help but moves back, surprised and useless.猎人惊愕又无奈地退下。

They cannot help but be grieved by the death of a friend.

眼见朋友死亡，自己却无能为力，他们感到深深的悲哀。

上述cannot but后跟无to不定式连用，是一种较正式的用法，主要用于美国英语。cannot help but后跟无to不定式连用，是cannot but与cannot help的混用，系书面用语，也多用于美国英语。由于cannot help but含有双重否定，所以有人反对使用，认为不合习惯，但这一表达法已经沿用下来。

 

⑤但是，表示“除…之外”的besides通常是后接动名词作宾语。不过，若是句子里含有实义动词do及其变形时，则besides后也可接无to不定式【这不如接动名词普遍】。

例：Besides being heartbroken, she felt foolish. 她除了伤心外，还觉得自己很蠢。

The play was badly acted, besides being far too long. 这出戏除了太长之外，演得也不好。

Besides working as a doctor, he also writes novels in his spare time.

除了当医生之外，他还在业余时间写小说。

She often helps others with their studies besides completing her own.

她除了完成自己的学习任务外，还经常帮助别人学习。

若：What has he done besides read the newspaper? 他除了读报还做了什么？

Besides doing／do the cooking I help Tom. 除了做饭之外我还帮助汤姆。

Did he do anything besides hit／hitting you? 他们除了打你，还有没有别的举动？

Besides do／doing the cleaning I help my husband. 除了做清洁，我还帮助我丈夫工作。

 

⑥当than用作介词作except解时，也可用不定式作宾语。

例：I cannot do otherwise than laugh．我不得不笑。【谓语含do用无to不定式】

She knew better than to argue with Adeline. 她不至于和阿德琳发生争执。

The beaten enemy had no other choice than to surrender．被打败的敌人只得投降。

I’d like nothing better than to join you girls. 我最喜欢和你们女孩子在一起了。

 

⑦当介词about作“即将／刚要”解时，也要求带to不定式作宾语。

例：The plane is about to take off．飞机就要起飞了。

A new book is about to be brought out. 一本新书即将出版。

It looked as if the dog was about to whelp. 看来这条狗要下崽了。

As I was about to say, he interrupted．当我正想说话的时候，他打断了。

Take your places, please, we are about to start. 各位请入席，我们就要开始了。

 

⑧“介词+疑问词+不定式短语”——除but、except等少数介词的宾语可直接用动词不定式外，介词宾语一般不用不定式。其它一般介词若需用动词不定式作其宾语，就只可用“疑问词+带to不定式”形式，而且这一用法还比较普遍；这时，引导不定式的疑问词通常就是该不定式动作的逻辑宾语或状语。

例：They wrangled over what to do next. 他们就接下来该干什么而争吵。【逻辑宾语】

I want suggestions about what to do today. 今天做什么,我想听听有何意见。

She is perplexed about what to do for her daughter.她不知道该为女儿做些什么。

We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.

我们正在讨论是否让学生们加入我们的俱乐部。

I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道如何做此事。【how是to do逻辑状语】

He gave a lesson on how to improve soil. 他讲了一堂如何改良土壤的课。

He gave us some advice on how to finish it. 他给了我们一些如何完成它的建议。

They were concerned with how to solve the problem. 他们关心的是如何解决问题。

Your success will largely depend upon how you do it.你成功与否将主要取决于你怎样做。

The teacher gave us a talk on how to study English. 老师给我们作了如何学英语的讲座。

The problem of how to get enough money is difficult to settle．

如何得到足够钱的问题很难解决。

 

⑵介词+介词短语——这也可以说是从另一外角度说“双重介词+介词宾语”——介词后面通常不接介词短语作宾语，只有少数介词是例外。

①from后接介词短语

例：Come out from under the table. 从桌子下面出来吧。

He walked out from among the crowd. 他从人群中走了出来。

A taxi came along from behind me. 从我后面开来一辆出租车。

A pretty girl appeared from behind the curtain．一个漂亮的女孩出现在门帘后面。

She had no sooner opened the door than a cat jumped out from behind the door.

她刚把门打开，一只猫就从门后跳了出来。

The phrase has been in wide use from before 1950’s.

这个词组从二十世纪五十年代前就开始被广泛运用了。

 

②till／until后接介词短语

例：She often studies till after midnight．她常常学习到后半夜。

She won’t go home until after the exam. 她要考完试之后再回家。

Don’t leave until after I’ve spoken to you. 我和你说完后再离开。

She’s worked as a nurse until past her sixtieth birthday.

她当护士一直当到过了60岁生日。

 

③except后接介词短语

例：No admittance except on business. 非公莫入。

He cannot spare any time except on Sunday. 除星期日外，他抽不出时间来。

The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外，这扇窗户从未打开过。

Steel pennies are scarce now except in coin shops.

除了在钱币店内，钢币便士现在很难见到了。

 

④介词as后接介词短语

例：She regarded him as without principles. 她认为他没有原则。

Her heart stabbed as with a knife. 她的心有如刀绞一般被刺痛。

The girl was drawn to the cartoon as by a magnet. 动画片强烈地吸引着那个小姑娘。

Her beauty lies within as well as on the outside.她的美丽不仅流溢于外表，也表现在内心。

 

⑶介词+复合结构——此处所说复合结构指的是“宾语+宾语补足语”，能带这类结构作宾语的介词不多，最主要的是“with／without+宾语”和“介词+带逻辑主语的-ing动词形式”。

①with后接复合结构

例：She left the room with the light on. 他离开房间时没有关灯。

She said good-bye with tears in her eyes. 她含着眼泪说了声再见。

He is used to sleeping with the windows open. 他过去常常打开窗户睡觉。

I can’t go out with all these dishes to wash. 有这么多盘子要洗，我不能出去。

All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。

 

②without后接复合结构

例：I’m very near without my glasses on. 我要是不戴眼镜就十分近视。

It was boring to sit there without anything to do. 无所事事地坐在那里太无聊了。

Without another word exchanged, they started off. 没有再交谈一句，他们就出发了。

I don’t like sweet coffee; I like it better without sugar in it.

我不喜欢放糖的咖啡，里边不放糖我更喜欢。

 

③带逻辑主语的-ing动词形式作介词宾语

例：They took a picture of us boating on the lake. 他们照了一张我们在湖上划船的照片。

I have no objection to Mr. Fu joining our group. 我对于付老师参加我们组没有意见。

I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。

 

⑷介词+从句——当某一从句用作介词宾语时，这个从句就叫介词宾语从句。

①能够引导从句用作介词宾语的词语不多，常见的有连接代词who、which、whose、what、whether和连接副词when、where、why和how等。但需注意：whether引导的宾语从句不能换用if引导。

例：I was rather angry at what he said. 我对他说的话相当生气。【连接代词宾从】

I’m sorry for what has happened. 我对已经发生的事很抱歉。

She never found the peace for which she longed. 她渴望宁静，但总得不到。

He does not care about who will be promoted．他并不在乎谁会被提升。【疑问词引导从句】

We had a difference of opinion over who had won.

我们在究竟是谁获胜的问题上发生了争执。

You shall not easily trust a man of whose past you know nothing.

对于其过去一无所知的人，你不应该轻易相信。

但：I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我很担心是否伤了她的感情。

It depends on whether the letter arrives in time. 这取决于信是否来得及时。

It all depends on how you handle it. 这都取决于你如何处理。【连接副词宾从】

I’m interested in when he did it. 我对他什么时候干了此事感兴趣。

There’s a limit to how much I’m prepared to spend. 我准备花多少钱是有限度的。

I was thinking of how we could get there in time. 我当时在想我们如何能及时赶到那里。

The accident happened right next to where we were standing.

事故就发生在我们所站位置的旁边。

He pushed in and stopped at where he could see clearly.

他挤进去停在了一个能够看得清楚的地方。

 

②介词后接that从句——按照英语习惯，介词后通常不能接that引导的宾语从句。

a).介词except则例外——介词except之后完全可以自由接that从句作宾语。

例：That will do except that it is too long. 它可以用，只是太长了。【except后that宾从】

He is perfect except that he smokes too much. 他哪儿都好，就是吸烟太多。

He said nothing except that he was all right. 他只是说他很好，其它什么也没说。

This dress will do except that its price is a little too high.

这连衣裙还行，只是价格贵了一点。

She remembered nothing except that his hair was black.

她什么都不记得, 只记得他的头发是黑的。

I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.

对于我的新邻居，我只知道他曾在一家公司上班，其他我一无所知。

 

b).有人把习语in that (因为／由于)的用法也可归入此类——介词in后接that从句。

例：I’m lucky in that I’ve got four sisters. 我很幸运，因为我有四个姐妹。

Man differs from other animals in that man can laugh and speak．【】

人不同于其他动物就在于(因为)人能说会笑。

Man is superior to the animals in that he uses language to convey his thoughts.

人高于动物是因为人能用语言表达思想。

 

c).其他介词原则上不能接that从句作宾语，遇此情况若有必要，应在介词后加上the fact，即用“介词+the fact that…”这样的形式【而将that从句变成同位语从句】。

例：I wonder at the factthat he survived. 我对他居然活了下来感到惊讶。

They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他们在为你生病发愁。

You must be aware of the fact that he is destitute. 你一定知道他非常贫穷这一情况。

They wore gloves despite the fact that it was warm. 虽然天气暖和，他们却带着手套。

Old people should face up to the fact that they are no longer young.

老年人应该勇于正视自己不再年轻这一事实。

 

⑷特殊短语介词instead of——instead of意“代替／而不是”。

①英语中的instead of是一个非常独特的短语介词，它几乎可以要求各种类型的非名词性的介词宾语。

例：He felt proud instead of ashamed of it. 他感到骄傲而不是惭愧。【形容词】()()()

Things are better now instead of worse. 现在形势更好而不是更糟。【形容词比较级】()()

He walks slowly in stead of quickly every morning．他每天早晨用快走替代慢走。【副词】

She laughed with instead of at us. 她和我们一起笑而不是嘲笑我们。【介词】

We’ll have tea in the garden instead of in the house. 【介词短语】

我们不是在家里而是在花园里喝茶。

That increased instead of decreased our courage.【动词限定形式：此句是谓语动词】

那是增加了而不是减少了我们的勇气。

He proposes to do some work instead of to watch television．【动词不定式】

他提议做些事情而不是看电视。

A word of encouragement might have made me respect instead of hate him．【无t o不定式】

(他的)一句鼓励的话就会使我尊敬他而不是恨他。

以上各例中介词instead of实际起着并列连词的作用，否则，作为其宾语的动词就必须用动名词。

 

②短语介词instead of还常位于句首，以突出所替代的事物。

例：Instead of admit his guilt, he prevaricate. 他不但不承认，反而支吾其词。

Instead of Graham, it was Peter who moved in. 搬进来的不是格雷厄姆，而是彼得。

Instead of fewer accidents, there were more. 意外事故非但没有减少，反而增多了。

Instead of pressing forward, they drew back. 他们不仅没有前进，反而后退了。

 

③与instead of的宾语相对应的可以不是句中一个独立的成分，而是谓语的一部分。

例：We’re footing it instead of (are) riding. 我们以步代车。【foot it走着去】

He lay about all day instead of (was) working. 他整天游手好闲,无所事事。

I gave him advice instead of (gave him) money. 我给了他忠告，而不是钱。

A slip of the tongue made me say Robert instead of (say) Richard.

我说走了嘴把理查德说成了罗伯特。

                                                 （未完待续）