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英语词类手册  第四章 英语数词

第四节  英语算式及倍约数表达㈠

编者  四川大竹 张有樑

 

在我们汉语中，数词的用法简单而有趣，尤其是在古诗词中，数词的运用常常能使内容妙趣横生。而英语数词的运用则相对枯燥而繁杂，这对于初学者的掌握，存在一定难度。

 

一、英语数词用作四则运算

英语中的数词，它既是数词，自然也能参与算式运算。当然，我们在此只能介绍加、减、乘、除的简单运算，以及与此相关的面积、体积、倍数、约数等表达方式。

1. 英语算式表达法——主要讲加减乘除运算

加减乘除的名词形式：addition (加法)、subtraction (减法)、multiplication (乘法)、division (除法)。

⑴运算符号的读法——加减乘除及等号(＋ － × ÷ ＝)；不等号(＞ ≥ ＜ ≤ ≠)等。

①加＋：plus [plʌs]

②减－：minus [ˈmaɪnəs]

③乘×：multiply [ˈmʌltɪplaɪ]或times [taɪmz]

④除÷：divided [dɪˈvaɪdɪd]

⑤等于＝：equal(s) [ˈi:kwəl(z)]

⑥不等于≠：is not equal to

a ≠ b→a is not equal to b.

例：1≠0：One is not equal to zero. 一不等于零。

2+8≠11：Two＋eight ≠ eleven. 二加八不等于十一。

3×7≠25：Three×seven≠twenty-five 三乘以七不等于二十五。

 

⑦大于＞：is greater than

a > b→a is more than b.

例：5>1：Five is greater than one. 五大于一。

15+10>24：Fiften +ten >24  十五加十大于二十四。

 

⑧小于＜：is less than

a < b→a is less than b.

例：99<100：Ninety-nine is less than one hundred. 九十九小于一百。

88+11<100：Eighty-eight＋eleven <100  八十八加十一小于一百。

 

⑨大于等于【不小于】≥：is more than or equal to／is no less than

例：A+B≥10: A plus B is equal to or greater than ten.  A加B等于或大于十。

 

⑩小于等于【不大于】≤：is less than or equal to／is no more than

例：C+D≤8：C+D is less than or equals to eight.  C加D小于或等于八。

或：C+D is no more than eight.  C加D至多不超过八。

 

上面所列加、减、乘、除符号及等号，均属很正规的用法，在实际运用中还有一些其它说法，例见后面分述。

 

⑵英语加减乘除算式分述

①加法——加法运算通常用plus、and、add等表示。

例：2+3=?：How much is two plus three?  二加三等于多少？

2+3=5：Two plus three is five．二加三等于五。

或：Two added to three equals five．

或：Two and three is equal to five．

或：Two and three make(s) five．

或：If we add two to three, we get five．【用条件复合句表算式】

又例：5 ＋ 4 ＝ 9 可译为：

Five and four is nine.

Five plus four is equal to nine.

Five added to four equals nine.

Five and four makes nine.

Five plus four will be nine.

If you add five to four, you get nine.

再例：7+8＝15：Seven and／plus eight is／are／make(s) fifteen.  7加8等于15。

10+8＝18：If you add ten to eight, you get eighteen.  10加8等于18。

4+4＝8：Four plus／added to four equals eight.  四加以四等于八。

或：Four and four are eight.

9+8＝17：nine plus eight equals seventeen 九加八等于一十七。

表“加”所用的plus是介词，and是连词；而add才动词，add…to把某数与另一数相加；如果用added，用的就是add的过去分词，连同后面所跟数词便成过去分词短语为算式中的加号和加数；表“等于”的is、make、equal、is equal to、get等才是算式句的谓语动词——算式中的谓语动词通常使用第三人称单数形式。

 

②减法——减法运算通常用minus、subtracte from、take away／take from等表示。

例：10－6＝?：How much is ten minus six? 十减六等于多少？

8－6＝eight minus six equals two. 八减六等于二。

10－6＝4：Ten minus six is four．十减去六等于四。

或：Take six from ten and the remainder is four.【此为并列句表算式】

或：Six taken from ten is four．【taken为take的过去分词】

又例：8－3＝可译为：

Eight minus three is five.

Eight minus three is equal to five.

Three taken from eight leaves five.

Three subtracted from eight leaves five.

Take three from eight and the remainder is five.

再例：8－5＝3：Eight minus five is／leaves three.  8减5等于3。

20－4＝16：4 from 20 leaves 16.  20减4余16。

10－4＝16：Ten take away four is／leaves six.  10减去4得6。

12－5＝7：If you take five from twelve, you’re left with seven.  12减去5得7。

10－4＝6：If you take four away from ten, that leaves six.  10减去4得6。

7－3＝4：Seven minus three is four.  七减去三等于四。

或：Three from seven leaves four.

表“减”用的minus和from都是介词；所用subtracte from、take from、take away或is equal to都是短语动词，is、leave(剩余)也是动词，它们常用作减法算式的谓语动词；式中subtracted from eight是过去分词短语，相当于减号和减数。

 

③乘法——乘法运算通常用times、multiplied by、twice(乘以二)等表示。

例：2×2＝?：What is twice two?  2乘2【二的两倍】是多少?

3×4＝?：How much is three times four?  三乘以四等于多少？

3×4=12：Three times four is／are twelve． 三乘以四等于十二。

或：Multiply three by four, we get twelve．

或：Three multiplied by four makes twelve．

又例：3 × 5 = 15可译为：

Multiply three by five is／gives fifteen.

Three multiplied by five is fifteen.

Multiply three by five, you get fifteen.

Three times five is／will be／makes／equals／is equal to fifteen.

再例：5×3＝15：Five times three is／equals fifteen.  5乘以3等于15。

5×2＝10：Five multiplied by two equals ten.  5乘以2等于10。

7×3＝21：Seven multiplied by three equals twenty-one. 7乘以3等于21。

4×2＝？：What is twice four?  4乘2／4的两倍是多少?

8×8＝64：Eight multiplied by eight is sixty-four.

或：Eight times eight is sixty-four. 八乘以八等于六十四。

乘法算式中的times(乘以)是介词，twice(两倍)是副词；multiply是动词，multiplied by是用的multiply的过去分词与介词from相组合的形式。

 

④除法——除法运算通常用divide的过去分词形式divided by／into等表示。

例：16÷4=?：How much is sixteen divided by four? 十六除以四等于多少？

16÷4＝4：Sixteen divided by four is four．十六除以四等于四。

或：Sixteen divided by four equals／gives／makes four．

12÷4＝3：Twelve divided by four is／makes three. 12除以4等于3。

或：Four into twelve is／makes three.  4去除12等于3。

20÷4＝5：Twenty divided by four equals 5  20除以4等于5。

又例：24 ÷ 8 = 3 可译为：

Twenty-four divided by eight makes／is／equals three.

Twenty-four divided by eight is equal to three.

Eight into twenty-four goes three.

Divide eight into twenty-four, and you get three.

Divide twenty-four by eight, and you get three.

再例：15 divided by 3 is 5. 十五除以三等于五／三去除十五等于五。

20÷4＝5：Twenty divided by four is five. 二十除以四等于五。

或：Four into twenty goes five.

120÷3＝40：One hundred and twenty divided by three is／makes fourty.

120除以3等于40。／一百二十除以三等于四十。

15:5＝3：The ratio of fifteen to five is three. 15比5其比率为三【即3:1】。

算式中常用的divided是动词divide的过去分词形式，divided by是过去分词与介词的组合运用，实际就是与后面所跟数词形成介词短语，意为“除以”；式中equals或gives或makes或is才是句子谓语动词。

 

（未完待续）