英语词类手册                                 第一章  英语冠词 

第二节英语不定冠词的用法㈣

 

编者  四川大竹 张有樑

 

（续前：二、不定冠词特殊用法1.用在非单数名词前的不定冠词）

2. 固定句式结构中的不定冠词

⑴含a(n)的固定句式

①“What a…!”感叹句——a(n)用在感叹句中的单数可数名词前面；但若是复数名词，其前不用冠词。

例：What a bummer! 真烦人！【省略感叹句】

What a pretty girl! 多漂亮的姑娘！

What a busy day! 多么忙碌的一天啊。

What a horrible thing to do! 做这样的事简直太可怕了！

What a shitty way to treat a friend! 这样对待一个朋友，真不像话！

We’ve run out of petrol. What a bore! 我们的汽油用完了。真麻烦！

We’ve missed the last bus.What a pain! 我们没赶上末班公共汽车。真倒霉！

What a sod this job is proving to be! 这事儿可真棘手哇！【完整感叹句】

What a cold, unfeeling woman she was! 她真是个冷酷无情的女人！

What a ghastly place that house is! 那座房子是个多么可怕的地方啊！

但：What pretty girls！多漂亮的姑娘们！

What brave soldiers! 多么勇敢的士兵啊!

 

②含“what a…”的宾语从句——“what a…”这样的结构，也常常出现在及物动词后面作其宾语从句。

例：See what a prize I have found! 看我发了多大的一笔横财!

He didn’t realize what a gaffe he’d made. 他没意识到自己已出乖露丑。

He realized what a swine he had been. 他认识到他做的事是多么的不像话。

The jury will see what a decent guy he is. 陪审团将会认识到他是一个多么正派的人。

You don’t understand what a difficult position I’m in. 你不会明白我的处境多么困难。

 

③“such a(n)+名词”结构——such(这样的／如此的)一词如若修饰单数可数名词，其后必定跟有一不定冠词。但如果其后是复数名词或不可数名词，便无不定冠词。

例：Such a long queue！排的队真长！【位于句首】

Such a demand borders upon folly. 提出这种要求简直是愚蠢。

Such a book does credit to the writer. 这样的书给作者带来声誉。

Such an accusation is beneath contempt. 这种谴责是不值一顾的。

He is so naive as to believe such a lie. 他竟然幼稚得连这种谎言都相信。

Nobody could have foreseen such a calamity. 这样的灾祸谁也不会预想到。

I do not want to make a fuss over such a trifle. 我不想为这种小事大惊小怪。

It is difficult to keep on terms with such a man. 很难和这样的人保持友好关系。

但：Such long queues！排的队都可真长！【such后复数名词】

I’m distrustful of such cheap goods. 我不相信这种廉价品。

Such behaviour is beneath contempt. 这种行为令人不齿。【such后不可数名词】

Such fish is rarely met with in the north country. 这种鱼在北方难得看到。

 

⑵含a(n)的动词短语——对前“用a(n)可使部分动词名词化”的补充。

英语中含有不定冠词a或an的动词短语很多，这里只能列举一少部分。

①have a point有道理          have a rest 休息一下

have a cold 感冒            have a fever 发烧

have a shower 洗个澡        have a fit 大发脾气  

have a meeting 开会         have a party 举行聚会

have a heart 发慈悲          have a holiday 休假／度假

have a drink喝一口／喝一杯  have a chance 有机会／有一线希望

have an affair 有外遇        have an appointment 有约会

例：I admit (that) you have a point. 我承认你有理。

Well, you have a point there. 嗯，你说的有道理。

It’ll do you good to have a rest. 休息一下对你会有好处的。

She lay in a hammock to have a rest. 她躺在吊床上休息一会。

I can’t taste when I have a cold. 我感冒时无法辨味。

He had a cold and was very congested. 他患了感冒，鼻子不通。

Slote guessed she must have a fever. 斯洛特猜想她一定在发烧。

People who have a fever are not allowed to come in. 发烧者禁止入内。

He had a shower to cool himself off. 他洗了个淋浴，凉快一下。

He go up to his room and have a shower. 他回到他的房间洗了个淋浴。

Mother will have a fit when she hears! 母亲听到后会大吃一惊的！

She had a fit and called him some bad names. 她大发脾气, 骂了他几句。

That little girl seems to have a fit of the sulks. 那个小女孩似乎在生闷气。

They are going to have a meeting next week. 下周他们要安排一个会。

We are going to have a meeting to discuss it. 我们打算开会讨论一下。

We had a party the week before last. 我们前一个星期有次聚会。

They may have a party to celebrate. 他们可能会举行晚会来庆祝。

It’s usual to have a holiday in the summer. 夏天休假是惯例。

I want to have a holiday to rest my brain. 我想度假休息一下脑子。

Have a heart, Jim, and lend me two dollars. 做做好事吧，吉姆，借我两美元。

Please have a heart and give her another chance. 请发发慈悲再给她一个机会吧。

He will have a drink in the bar after work. 下班之后他总去酒吧喝一杯。

By the way, would you like to have a drink first? 顺便问一下，想不想先喝点什么?

However,I won’t let it go if I have a chance. 不过，有机会我是不会放过的。

If you have a chance, you’ll become a chancellor. 如果你有机会，你也可以当长官。

He never wants to have an affair. 他可从未想弄出点什么风流韵事。

Do you know he is said to have an affair? 可你知道吗，据说他搞婚外情?

I have an appointment with Mr. Wang at3: 15. 我同王先生三点一刻有个约会。

We don’t have an appointment, but it is urgent. 我们没有约定，但这是紧急的。

 

②have a good time 玩得痛快       have a good eye 有...眼光／善于识别

have a good appetite 胃口好      have a good journey 一路顺风／一路平安

have a nice day 祝你来日快乐    have a narrow escape 死里逃生／九死一生

have a word with 和…谈一谈     have words with sb. 与某人吵嘴

have a say 有发言权／决定权      have a saying 有谚语／格言说

例：We had a good time of that clamber. 那次攀登让我们很愉快。

I hope you have a good time at our hotel. 祝您在我们饭店过得愉快。

I don’t have a good appetite and I’m very tired. 我没有食欲，而且很累。

I had a good appetite and the food was yummy. 我胃口很好，吃了很多可口的食物。

John has a good eye for good English usage. 约翰很会欣赏美。

You have a good eye for spotting hypocrisy. 伪善在你面前原形毕露。

Goodbye and have a good journey. 再见，祝你一路顺风。

Well, good luck and have a pleasant journey. 好了，祝你好运并祝旅途愉快。

Have a nice day, thank you for coming again. 请慢走，欢迎下次光临。

Thanks for reading! Wish you have a nice day! 感谢你的阅读，愿你有美好的一天!

He had a narrow escape from death. 他在千钧一发之际免于一死。

You were lucky to have a narrow escape. 你能够虎口余生，真是幸运。

Say, Oscar, I want to have a word with you. 嘿，奥斯卡，我想和你说句话。

He wait behind to have a word with her in private. 他留下来好跟她私下里说句话。

The man had words with his wife last night. 昨夜那人和他的妻子吵嘴了。

Sarah had words with her brother this morning. 今天上午赛拉与她兄弟吵过嘴。

Of course we have a say in this matter. 我们对此事当然有发言权。

Citizens have a say in the councils of government. 市民在议会中有决定权。

The Treasury will also, in practice, have a say. 在实际操作中，财政部也将参与进来。

The company belongs to everyone. All of us have a say.公司属于大家，我们都有发言权。

Each woodcarving has a saying next to it. 这些木雕旁一律配着一句格言。

We have a saying: “The latecomers surpass the old timers.” 我们有句名言叫“后来居上”。“”

 

③take a gander 看一看            take a nap 小睡一下／打盹

take a message捎个口信         take a breath 深深地吸一口气

take an exam 参加考试          take an oath 宣誓／立誓

take an order 接受订货          take an aspirin 吃一片阿司匹林

take a fancy to爱上／喜欢上     take an interest in对…感兴趣

take advantage of 利用／占…的便宜

take (an active) part in (积极)参加

例：Wow, take a gander at this chick! 哇！瞧瞧这个小妞！

Fifi, would you take a gander at this? 菲菲,你能看一眼这个吗？

Invariably I take a nap after lunch. 午饭后，我总是睡个午觉。

Father always takes a nap in the afternoon. 父亲下午总要睡个午觉。

Sorry, she is out, can I take a message? 对不起，她外出了，要留个话吗？

Would you be kind enough to take a message to him? 拜托您捎个信儿给他。

Pause after the first breath to take a breath. 每一次呼吸后稍停，再吸气。

I opened the window and took a breath of fresh air. 我打开窗子，吸了一口新鲜空气。

I always get nervous when I take an exam. 每次考试我都很紧张。

We feel some tension before we take an exam. 考试之前，我们觉得有点紧张。

Jurors formally take an oath to take up office. 陪审员们正式宣誓就职。

Before giving evidence the witness had to take an oath. 证人作证前要先宣誓。

The waiter has taken an order from a table. 那侍者已经为一桌客人点了餐。

Welcome to see samples and take an order! 我司现有样板,欢迎前来看板订货.

If I have a headache, I will take an aspirin. 我如果头痛就服一片阿斯匹林。

Must she see a doctor, or take an aspirin? 她必须去看病或是服用阿司匹林吗?

I’ve suddenly taken a fancy to detective stories. 我突然喜欢上了侦探小说。

He took a fancy to the pretty girl next door. 他迷恋上了邻家那漂亮的女孩子。

He is an historian, but also takes an interest in archaeology. 他专攻历史，旁及考古。

All the geologists take an interest in ore materials. 地质工作者都对一切矿物感兴趣。

It is unmoral to take advantage of the deformities. 利用残疾人是不道德的。

It never occurred to me to take advantage of him. 我决没有想到过要占他的便宜。

We are all invited to take part in the pageant. 我们全都被邀请参加这次盛典。

He does not wish to take part in mud-slinging. 他极不愿参与诽谤他人的行动。

They take an active part in scientific experiment. 他们积极参加科学实验。

She takes an active part in social work, so does he. 她积极参加社会工作，他也如此。

 

④make a buck 赚钱             make a bed 铺床／整理卧具

make a bet 打赌              make a decision 做出决定

make a fire 生火              make a living 谋生

make an attempt 试图          make an excuse 找借口／编理由

make an exception 例外        make an example 惩罚(某人)以儆效尤

make a fool of 愚弄           make a bid for 出价买／试图获得

make an offer 出价／求婚      make an effort 努力／尽力

例：And you're here to make a buck? 那么你来这儿赚一笔？

People are into making a quick buck. 人人都想赚容易的钱。

Everybody's got a right to make a buck. 谁都有权弄到点好处。

The sofa unfolds make a bed. 这张沙发可以翻开当床用。

The chair unfolds to make a bed. 这把椅子可以打开当床用。

Let’s make a bet on the next election. 我们就下次的选举打个赌吧。

He made a bet that the horse would win the race. 他打赌说那匹马会赢。

There is no hurry for me to make a decision. 我没必要匆忙作出决定。

I am sorry. I just can not make a decision today. 抱歉，我今天没法决定。

We can make a fire and warm ourselves. 我们可以生个火来暖暖身子。

It’s too cold here.We,d better make a fire. 这里太冷了，我们最好生堆火。

He had to gather firewood to make a living. 他不得不靠打柴为生。

The farmer tugged all his life to make a living. 这个农民终生为生活而劳碌。

Could you at least make an attempt to smile? 你起码试着笑一笑，行吗？

He made an attempt on Mount Qomolangma. 他试图登上珠穆朗玛峰。

He made an excuse for his having made a mistake. 他为所犯的错误辨解。

She never makes an excuse for her mistakes. 她从不为自己的错误找借口。

We can make an exception in the case of John. 我们可以把约翰的事作为例外。

Therefore, we cannot make an exception of your case. 因此，对贵方也不例外。

They decided to make an example of him. 他们决定惩罚他以警戒他人。

I swear, I must make an example of him. 我发誓，我一定要拿他惩一儆百。

Stuff nonsense! Don’t try to make a fool of me. 胡说八道！你休想糊弄我。

I will teach you to make a fool of me. 我要好好教训你，看你还敢愚弄我。

She made a bid for the votes of the women. 她积极地争取妇女们的选票。

He made a bid for middle class support. 他努力试图得到中产阶级的支持。

Please make an offer indicating the packing. 请报价并说明包装情况。

He made an offer of $5 for the old bike. 他出价5美元买这辆旧自行车。

Make an effort to be nice to her. She’s shy. 尽量对她和善一点，她很害羞。

They made an effort to discredit the politician. 他们尽力败坏那政客的声誉。

 

⑤put a comma 加逗号           put a notice 登启事／贴告示

put an end 结束／终止         put across 圆满完成／解释清楚

put a stay on 抑制／妨碍        put a check on 制止／禁止

put an end to 结束／终止        put (it) another way 换句话说

keep a diary 写日记            keep an eye on留意／照看

come to pass发生／实现        come to a conclusion 得出结论／告终

例：Put a commaafter this word. 在这个词后面加逗号。

Shall we put a comma or a semi-colon here? 这里该用逗号还是分号?

Don’t put a notice on the wall. 不要在墙上乱张贴布告。

We put a notice on the side of the box. 我们在箱子的一侧贴了警示标。

What point is he trying to put across? 他在企图论证什么?

The information had not been put across properly. 消息未能有效传达。

This will put a stay on their activities. 这将制止他们的活动。

We must put a stay on the spreading violence. 我们必须制止暴力蔓延。

Heavy rains put a check on the army’s advance. 大雨阻挡了军队的前进。

No one can put a check on the development of society. 没有人能制止社会的发展。

Death put an end to his views and prospects. 死亡毁掉了他的前途和希望。

We must put an end to the pointless conflict. 我们必须结束这毫无意义的冲突。

Let me put another way, advantage work both ways. 让我换种说法，好处是互相的。

To put it another way reason has no place in faith. 换言之，理性在信仰中没有任何地盘。

I don’t see why you should keep a diary at all. 我不明白你为何要记日记。

It is difficult for me to keep a diary every day. 每天记日记对于我来说是有困难的。

You can never rely on Jim to keep a promise. 你别相信吉姆他会信守诺言。

It is easier to make a promise than to keep a promise. 作出承诺容易,实现承诺不易.

Will you keep an eye on my children for a while? 你愿意照看一会儿我的小孩吗?

He asked his neighbour to keep an eye on his house. 他请邻居照看他的房子。

It’s very hard for us to come to a conclusion about it. 我们很难对此下结论。

The debate did not come to a conclusion until midnight. 辩论直到午夜才结束。

I doubt if his promises will ever come to pass. 我怀疑他的那些许诺是否会兑现。

The threat has come to pass without any damage. 威胁来了又去，没有造成任何破坏。

 

⑥be in a hurry 在赶时间        be in a position to 处于可以(做)…的位置

be at a loss, 茫然不知所措     be at a loss as to 对…很困惑

be attached to 喜爱／依恋     be attracted by 为…所吸引

be accustomed to 习惯于…    be accused of 控告／谴责

例：She was in a hurry to see her child. 她急切地想见到她的孩子。

Same as ever,you seem to be in a hurry. 老样子，你看上去很匆忙。

We mustn’t be in a hurry about such things. 这种事情我们不能匆忙行事。

We are in a position to offer from ready goods. 我们可以报现货价格。

We are in a position to accept a special order. 我们可以接受特殊订货。

Would I be in a position to express my opinion on this? 我能对此发表意见吗?

He was at a loss for a suitable reply. 他不知所措，找不出合适的答复。

We are at a loss to understand his motive. 我们对于他的动机一点也不能理解。

James was at a loss as to what to do and felt lost. 詹姆斯无所适从, 惘然若失。

We are at a loss as to explain the details. 说明细节的时候，我们茫然不知所措。

More attention should be attached to these issues. 这个问题值得认真思索。

I am attached to every tree and bush in my hometown. 我依恋故乡的一草一木。

My attention was attracted by his peculiar attire. 他那奇特的服装引起了我的注意。

Everybody was attracted by her melodious voice. 大家都被她悦耳的声音吸引住了。

She should be accustomed to fierce characters. 她应习惯于激烈的字符。

You will be accustomed to the climate soom. 你很快就会习惯这里的气候。

He was accused of purposely creating difficulties. 有人指责他故意制造麻烦。

She is often accused of rubbishing her opponents. 她经常因诋毁对手而受到指责。

But perhaps Hagrid’s slips were accidents. 但是也许海格的失言是意外事件。

（未完待续）

为什么“分类”总改不了，老是显示“英语句法比较状语从句”？