英语并列句与并列复合句㈢

取录自《语自学参考系列·句法手册》 第五章 英语复合句并列句 第十二节 英语并列句与并列复合句

编者  川竹 樑翁

 (前接： 一、英语并列连词与并列句  2.并列句与标点符号⑸并列句与句号)

3.英语并列句的表意分类

⑴联合并列句(combined-coordinate sentence)——即表示同等关系的分句结合。

①由and【表示并列附加关系】或逗号、分号连接的联合并列句——常是and与逗号并用。

例：Last year l met Kate and we became friends. 去年我和凯特相遇，我们成了朋友。

This article is well-written and you’d better read it. 这篇文章写得很好，你最好看看。

Stephen realized his mistake and he apologized at once. 斯蒂芬认识到了他的错误，于是马上道歉。

He drank beer, and it made him fat. 他爱喝啤酒，因此发胖了。【逗号与and并用】

He was ill for a week, and during that week he ate nothing. 他病了一星期，在那一星期里他什么也没吃。

Your car is new；mine is six years old. 你的车是新的，而我的车已用六年了。【分号连接的并列分句】

 

②在“祈使句+and +陈述句”结构中，前后两部分间为承接关系。

例：Stand up and you’ll see farther. 站起来，你就会看得更远。

Give him an inch and he will take a yard. 他得寸进尺，很贪婪。

Use your head, and you will find away．动动脑筋，你就会想出办法来。

Promote physical culture and build up the people’s health. 发展体育运动，增强人们体质。【祈使句并列】

特别提示：有时这类第二分句与前相同的部分可省略

并列连词后的简单句如果与其前的简单句有相同的部分，则相同的部分常可省略。

例：My father works in a factory and my mother (works) in a school. 我父亲在工厂工作，母亲在学校工作。

His brother often goes to work by bike, and he often (goes to work) on foot.

他哥哥常是骑自行车去上班，而他则常步行去上班。

In the past, boy babies were often dressed in blue; girls, (were often dressed) in pink.

在过去，男孩经常穿蓝衣服，女孩穿粉色衣。【分号并列句】

 

③由并列性质的关联连词连接的联合并列句——这类关联连词有not only…but also…【but或also可省略其一】、neither…nor…。

例：Not only was the coat soft; it was also warm. 这件大衣不仅柔软，而且暖和。

Not only is he learned but also he has a good character. 他不但有学问而且品行也好。

Not only is he himself interested in computer but also his son is beginning to show an interest in it.

不仅他对电脑感兴趣，而且他的儿子也开始对电脑感兴趣。

Not only everything he had had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship was taken away from him.

不仅他所有的一切被剥夺，而且就连他的德国国籍也被剥夺了。

Neither do I know her address, nor does he. 我不知道她的地址，他也不知道.

Neither do I find it interesting, nor do I find it off putting. 我不觉得它有趣，也不觉得它讨厌。

 

④so(也)引导的倒装并列分句——so前可有逗号和连词，so分句在后倒装，so表重复前一分句内容。

例：Beibei can swim, so can I. 贝贝会游泳, 我也会。

She enjoys music, and so does he. 她喜欢音乐，他也喜欢音乐。

He go abroad last month, and so do Mary. 他上月出国了，玛丽也上月出国了。

She takes an active part in social work, so does he. 她积极参加社会工作，他也如此。

He took a lot of photo last Sunday, and so do I. 他上星期照了许多照片，我也一样。

 

⑤nor／neither (也不)——连接的并列分句表否定意义【so倒装句的否定形式】，后一分句要用倒装。

例：He is not a student, nor am I. 他不是学生，我也不是。

I don’t want to do it, nor／neither do I want you to do it. 我不想做，我也不想要你做。

Mr. Black does not smoke, neither／nor does his son. 布莱克先生不吸烟，他儿子也不吸烟。

He never went again, nor did he write to apologize. 他再也没有来过,也没写信道歉。

You have never seen him since 1993, nor have I. 你从1993年就没见到他，我也是。

The woman did not do it, nor did she try. 那女人没有做，也没有尝试一下。

She didn’t give anything and neither did he. 她什么东西也没给，他也没给。

He do not drop any hint, nor do his secretary. 他没有作任何暗示，他的秘书也没有。

I do not like to drink this medicine, neither does he. 我不爱喝这药水，他也不爱喝。

 

⑥when用作并列连词时，相当于and just at that time，也表等立关系。

例：I was just leaving when the telephone rang. 我正要离开，电话铃响了。

We were about to go out when it started to rain. 我们就要出去，突然老天开始下雨了。

I was making a phone call when the door was blown open. 我正在打电话突然门被风吹开了。

 

⑵转折并列句(disjunctive coordinate sentence)——并列句中前后两分句的内容具有转折关系。

①由并列连词but、yet、still连接的转折并列句

例：It never rains but it pours. 祸不单行。

I waited but he never turned up. 我等着，可他根本没有来。

I can come, but will be a little late. 我能来，但是要稍晚一些。

Tom was not there but his brother was (there). 汤姆不在那儿，但他的兄弟在那儿。

Tourists come here but few stay overnight. 有游客到这里来，但很少有人过夜。

Tom is fairly clever, but Peter is rather stupid. 汤姆相当聪明，而彼得就颇笨。

He gets a lot of letters but she doesn’t get many. 他收到的信很多，可她的信不多。

She looks very young, but she is already in her 30’s. 她看上去很年轻, 可是她已三十多岁了。

I would love to have gone to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.

He tried hard, yet he could not succeed. 他努力试过，但没有成功。

The boy is so fat and yet he runs very fast. 这男孩很胖，但却跑得很快。

She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time. 她说她会迟到，但她却准时到达了。

School is over, yet all the teachers are still working. 学校放学了，可是老师们仍然在工作。

She failed; still she did not lose heart. 她失败了，但她并没有灰心。

He is good-natured; still I don’t like him. 他脾气很好，可是我还是不喜欢他。

Our task is hard; however we should persevere to the end. 我们的工作是艰苦的，但我们应当坚持到底。

I can’t control other people, however I can control own road. 我不能控制别人，不过我可以掌握自己的路。

He is young and unexperienced; however you can not look down for him. 他年轻又无经验，但请不要因此而小看他。

I send to you a friend invitation, however I cannot share with you. 我发送邀请函给你的朋友，但是我不能与你们分享。

 

②由其它连词如while【表对比转折意义】、whereas、nevertheless转折并列句

例：Tom is thin while his wife is fat. 汤姆很瘦，而他爱人很胖。

I like tea while she likes coffee. 我喜欢喝茶而她喜欢喝咖啡。

I believed her but all the while she was lying. 我相信她，然而她始终在撒谎。

Why should I go there while she stays home? 为什么我得去那儿，而她却能呆在家里？

He wants to be a writer, while I want to be a scientist. 他想当作家，而我则想当科学家。

Our math teacher is strict while our English teacher is outgoing. 我们的数学老师很严格，而英语老师很随和。

There was no news, nevertheless, she went on hoping. 没有消息，然而，她继续抱着希望。

The news may be unexpected; nevertheless, it’s true. 这消息也许是出乎预料，但它是真的。

The car was old, yet／nevertheless it was in excellent condition. 车子虽然旧了但车况很好。

She had failed many times, nevertheless she was confident she would succeed in the end.

她尽管失败了好几次，然而她对最后的成功充满信心。

 

⑶选择并列句(choice coordinate sentence)——并列句中的前后两句内容为选择关系。

疑问句常由并列连词or, , either…or…,等连接

①并列连词or或either…or表示选择关系。

例：Stop the child or he will be falling over. 制止那孩子，要不他会掉下去。

He speaks French, or perhaps he understands it. 他会讲法语，或者说或许他懂法语。

You must tell the truth，or you will be punished．你必须说真话，否则你将会受到惩罚。

You may go with us, or you may stay at home. 你既可以跟我们一起去也可以呆在家里。

Will he still be there or will he have gone away? 你那时还在那里还是可能已经走了？

Would you advise phoning, or shall I wait a bit longer? 你看我打(马上)电话好，还是我再等一会儿好?

Either you are mad or I am (mad). 不是你疯了，那就是我疯了。

Either give a hand, or leave right away. 你或者帮忙，或者立刻离开。

Either Tom is coming or his sisters are. 不是汤姆就是她的姐妹们要来。

You must tell the truth，or you will be punished．你必须说真话，否则你将会受到惩罚。

Either you do it, or I ask for somebody else to do it. 要么你来做，要么我请其他人来做。

Either you must improve your work or we shall dismiss you. 要么你好好干，要么我就辞退你。

 

②otherwise意“否则／要不”，也引导并列分句表转折。

例：Seize the chance, otherwise you’ll regret it. 抓住这个机会，否则你会后悔的。

Do as you’re told, otherwise you’ll be in trouble. 叫你怎麽做就怎麽做，否则有麻烦。

You must go early, otherwise you will miss the bus. 你好得早点走，否则就赶不上公共汽车了。

Put the cap back on the bottle, otherwise the juice will spill. 把瓶盖儿盖好，要不汁液就洒出来了。

You’d better give me my book, otherwise I’ll fail my test. 你最好把我的书给我，否则我的测验将要不及格了。

 

⑷因果并列句(causal coordinate sentence)——并列句中前后两分句为因果关系。

①由并列连词for【解释性补充原因】、so【因果承接关系】连接的并列分句，前后有因果关系。

例：He hurried, for it was getting dark. 他匆匆忙忙，因为天在黑了。

It must be snowing, for it’s so bright outside. 肯定下雪了，外面这么亮。

We rarely stay in hotels, for we can’t afford it. 我们很少住旅馆，因为我们住不起。

You had better put off your jacket, for it is too hot outside. 你最好把夹克脱掉，外面太热了。

He was busy packing, for he was leaving that night. 他那时正忙着打点行李，因为那天晚上他就要走了。

She is kind to the others, so all of us love her. 她对别人很好，所以我们都喜欢她。

He liked the book very much, so I gave it to him. 他非常喜欢这本书，所以我就给了他。

It was already rather late, so we decided to go home. 天已经很晚了，所以我们决定回家。

My father is coming, so I must stay here and wait for him. 我父亲就要到了，所以我必须呆在这儿等他。

Mr. Li went to his hometown, so Mr. Wang was taking his class instead．李老师回家乡去了，所以王老师替二课。

 

②由并列连词therefore【比更so文气】、hence【较正式，多用于说理的文章中】的连接表因果。

例：He was busy, therefore he could not come. 他很忙，因此他没能来。

You are in the right, therefore we should support you. 你是对的，所以我们应当支持你。

You are a good student, therefore we should believe in you.你是个好学生，因此，我们应当相信你。

That boy’s parents are unmarried, therefore he is a bastard! 那个男孩的父母未结婚，所以他是私生子。

This is a gold necklace, hence it is expensive. 这是根金项炼,因此很贵。

It is very late; hence you must go to bed. 时间已经很晚了，因此你必须睡觉去。

He has neither ear nor voice, hence he can’t sing.他既无听觉，又无发声力，因此，他不能唱歌。

This word is an uncountable noun and it is used in a general sense, hence／therefore it takes no article.

这个词是不可数名词，它是用于一般意义，因此不加冠词。

 

⑸条件并列句(conditional coordinate sentence)——句子结构象并列句，所表内容为条件句。

在“祈使句+and／or+陈述句”结构中，除“前后两部分间为承接关系【见前面⑴联合并列句②】”外，有的可将前面的祈使句转换成由if引导的条件状语从句。

①在有的“祈使句+and +陈述句”结构中，可将前面的祈使句转换成由if引导的条件状语从句，当然必须将and或or去掉。

例：Hurry up, and we’ll be there in time.＝If we hurry up, we’ll be there in time. 如果我们快一点，就会有时间的。

Work hard,and you’ll be successful in time.＝If you work hard,you will be successful in time. 只要你努力，一定会成功。

Work harder and you will find it not difficult to learn.＝If you work harder, you will find it not difficult to learn.

如果你努力一些，你就会发现学习并不难。

Work with farmers in the countryside in your suunmer vacation, and you will learn a lot about farming.

＝If you work with farmers in the countryside in your suunmer vacation, and you will learn a lot about farming.

如果你暑假里在农村和农民一起干活，你会学到很多关于农业的知识。

 

②“名词词组+ and +陈述句”——有的“名词词组+ and +陈述句”，在词组中通常含有more、another、further、earlier等词者，这名词词组也相当于一个条件分句。

例：More effort, and you will succeed. 再努力一些，你会成功的。

Another attempt, and you will get it. 另尝试一次，你就会得到的。

One step further and you’ll lost．(如果)再多走一步，你就会迷失方向了。

Another ￡500, and I could buy a car．假如我再有500镑，就能买辆小汽车了。

One more minute, and the patient would have bled to death. 如果再过一分钟，患者就会流血致死。

A few minutes earlier, and I could have seen the famous scientist．

要是我早来几分钟，就能见到那位著名的科学家了。

It is really very dangerous．One more step, and the baby will fall into the well．

真危险！(如果)再多迈一步， 这个小孩儿就掉进井里了。

 

③上面的①、②类并列句式，实际都可以变为含条件从句的主从复合句，其中前一分句便是条件从句，后一分句是结果主句。请看下面例句的变化。

例：(如果)再给我一个小时，我就会把这工作完成。

译：Give me one more hour, and I’ll get the work finished.【祈使句】

＝One more hour, and I’ll get the work finished.【名词短语】

＝(If I am) Given one more hour, I’ll get the work finished.【过去分词短语】

＝If I am given one more hour, I’ll get the work finished.【if条件被动句】

＝If you give me one more hour, I’ll get the work finished.【if条件句】

 

④在“祈使句+or+陈述句”结构中，前后意思为相反关系。

例：Get out of the house or I will beat you. 滚出去，要不然我就揍你。

Study hard, or you Will fall behind the others．努力要学习，否则你就会落于别人。

Start out right away, or you’ll miss the first train. 立刻出发，否则你会错过第一班火车。

Listen to the teacher carefully in class, or you can’t catch what he is saying.

上课认真听讲，否则你抓不住老师在说什么。

 

⑤“祈使句+or+否定陈述句”＝“否定条件句+否定陈述句”

例：Follow your doctor’s advice. or your cough will get worse. 听从医生的忠告吧，否则你的咳嗽会变得更糟。

Let’s keep to the point, or we will never reach any decisions. 让我们保留这一点吧，否则我们将不会达成任何决议。

Get ready or you won’t pass the test.＝If you don’t get ready, you won’t pass the test.

做好准备，要不你小测验是不会及格的。

（未完待续）