英语并列句与并列复合句㈠

取录自《语自学参考系列·句法手册》 第五章 英语复合句并列句 第十二节 英语并列句与并列复合句

编者  川竹 樑翁

 

英语中的并列句(coordinate sentence)也是由两个或两个以上的简单句所构成，但它与复合句(compound sentence)所囊括的范围相比，那就简单得多了。并列句还可以与复合句结合而成并列复合句(coordinate-compound sentence)。

 

一、英语并列连词与并列句

1. 英语并列句的构成

⑴简单句+并列连词+简单句＝并列句——这是英语并列句的典型结构特点。

①并列句的定义——如果句子包含两个或以上互不依从而意义相关、层次相同、句法功能也相同的主谓结构，这样的句子就是并列句。组成并列句的主谓结构称为分句(sub-clause)，并列句中各分句的意思联系紧密，地位平等。而组成复合句的主谓结构分主句(main clause)和从句(subordinate clause)，从句附属于主句——主句与从句地位不平等。

例：I am thirsty, for it is hot. 我很渴，因为天气太热了。

You are alive but she has dead. 你还活着，可她已经死了。

Either you can talk to him, or I will. 要么你能跟他谈，要么我去跟他谈。

I am busy today, so can you come tomorrow? 我今天很忙，所以你明天能来吗？

I want to go to the party, however, I have no transport. 我想去参加聚会，但是，我没有交通工具。

Jim worked hard in college and later he became an architect. 吉姆在大学学习很努力，后来他成为一名建筑师。

比较：I had no idea that you were here．我不知道你在这里。【同位语从句】

It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 他想到他考试不及格。【主语从句】

The students asked me if the earth goes round the sun. 学生问我是否地球绕着太阳转。【宾语从句】

My own view is that there are no serious problems. 我自己的看法是并不存在严重的问题。【表语从句】

That’s the house that was haunted. 这就是那所过去常常闹鬼的房屋。【定语从句】

She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. 她听到一个可怕的声音，这使她惊恐万分。

I found my wallet where I walked. 我在我走过的地方找到了钱包。【地点状从】

When he was seven years old, he could swim. 当他七岁时就会游泳。【时间状从】

It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。【方式状从】

I will try it, though I may fail. 即使我可能失败，我也要试一下。【让步状语从句】

If you watch carefully you will see how to do it. 如果你仔细瞧你会看出该怎样做。【条件状从】

Now that we are alone, we can speak freely. 现在我们单独在一起，可以随便谈了。【原因状从】

Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 最好多穿点衣服，以防天变冷。【目的状从】

He is such a young boy that he can’t go to school  这男孩年龄太小，不能上学。【程度状从】

 

②构成英语并列句的常用并列连词有and、but、or、for和so——英语中并列连词的数量不多，其中最主要、最典型的并列连词就是and、or和but。

例：He is a lovely boy and he is helpful. 他很可爱，乐于助人。

John likes playing basketball, but he didn’t play it yesterday. 约翰喜欢打篮球，但他昨天没打。

You should hurry, or you will miss the train. 你该快一点，否则就要误车了。

I’d better take an umbrella, for it is going to rain. 我最好带把伞，因为就要下雨了。

We’re a tight group, so we do keep in touch. 我们关系很铁，所以的确保持着联系。

 

③并列句间多是只有连词不用标点符号——当两分句意思联系十分紧密时，就这样用。

例：It is midnight and we are now closing down. 时间已到午夜，本台现在停止广播。

Put the chairs in circles and we will play games. 把椅子摆放成圈，我们要做游戏。

Hope for the best but be prepared for the worst. 抱乐观的希望，作最坏的准备。

The method seems good but it needs to be tried out. 这个方法似乎不错，但需要试验一下。

Don’t go too far afield or we might lose you. 不要走得太远，要不然我们会找不到你的。

We had better put the skids on the driver or we’ll be late. 我们最好催促司机快开，不然要迟到了。

He cannot pay me now for he had no ready cash. 他现在不能付钱给我，因为他没有现金。

We are lucky for we have five lovely grandchildren. 我们很有福气，有五个可爱的孙子孙女。

Soldiers barred the road so we had to turn back at once. 士兵挡住了去路，我们只好立即折回。

The last bus had gone so we had to hoof it home. 末班公共汽车已经开走了，我们只好步行回家。

 

⑵用标点符号连接的并列句——这是英语并列句的又一结构特点。

①有些并列句的相邻两分句意思联系紧密，其间不用并列连词，而是通过分号等标点符号来体现并列关系。

例：Stand up；it is your turn to speak now. 站起来，现在轮到你发言了。

The future is bright；the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。

We fished all day；we didn’t catch a fish. 我们钓了一天的鱼，一条鱼也没钓到。

It was getting late；we had to go back for the city. 天逐渐晚了，我们得回到城里去。

 

②有的并列句既用并列连词，也用标点符号相连接——多是“逗号+并列连词”。【这一现象并不少见】

例：Be careful with the machine，or you will be hurt. 小心机器，否则你会受伤。

The food was good，but he had little appetite. 食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。

He felt very tired，for he preached for a long time. 由于讲道很久，他感觉非常疲劳。

My father is a teacher，and my mother is a doctor. 我的父亲是一位教师，我母亲是个医生。

He is just a small child，so you must be patient with him. 他只不过是个小孩子，你应该对他耐心点。

We are a peaceful people，yet we are not a fragile people. 我们是爱好和平的人民，但我们不是软弱无力的人民。

 

2. 能够连接并列句的词语

⑴单词与词组类并列连词——货真价实的并列性连词

①单词类并列连词(word-coordinate conjunction)——即起并列连接作用的连词属于单词，这类并列连词常见者如and (和／与)、but(但是)、or(否则)、for(因为)、so(于是)、yet(然而)、still(然而)等。

例：It is a fact of life and you must face it. 这是严酷的现实，你必须面对它。

He go to bed and she follow suit after a few minute. 他上床睡觉，几分钟後她也跟着去睡了。

I told her to pipe down but she still babbled on. 我叫她闭嘴，可她还是唠叨个没完。

He came off the bike but nothing serious happened. 他从自行车上摔下来，但没有出什么事。

Let’s keep together or we shall lose each other. 咱们待在一块儿吧，否则就会失散了。

Fill your radiator with water, or your engine will overheat. 给你的散热器充水，否则引擎会过热。

He felt no fear, for he was a brave man. 他不感到害怕，因为他是个勇敢的人。

She is not to blame for she has done his best／utmost. 她已经尽了最大努力，不应当责备她。

The boy was homeless, so they took him in. 那孩子无家可归，他们就收留了他。

He keeps honeybees, so we call him a beekeeper. 他养了很多蜜蜂，于是我们称他为养蜂人。

The enemy strapped him, and yet he said nothing. 敌人用皮带抽打他，可他就是一句话也不说。

I sweated blood on that job yet he didn’t even thank me! 我累死累活地干，然而他甚至连谢也不谢我！

 

②并列性关联连词(coordinate-correlative conjunction)——英语中有几对固定配搭的并列性质关联连词，它们是not only…but also…(不仅…而且…)、not…but…(并非...而是...)、either…or…(要不就...要不就…／或者...或者...)、neither…nor …(既非...亦非...)等。

例：Not only can she sing, but she can (also) dance. 她不仅会唱歌，她也会跳舞。【Not在句首该分句需部分倒装】

Not only do they need clothing, but they are also short of water. 他们不但需要衣服，而且还缺水。

Not only has she been late three times, she has also done no work. 她不仅仅迟到了3次，她还没干一点活。

Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 他不仅说得更正确，而且讲得更不费劲了。

Not did Mr. Brown teach school, but he only wrote novels. 布朗先生不是在学校教书，而是专写小说。

Not couldn’t they complete the task, but the task was too tough. 不是他们完不成任务，而是任务太重了。

Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it. 我叔叔可以做那件事，或者我婶婶也可以做。

【习惯上将此类两个分句合并成一个共主语的简单句：Either my uncle or my aunt can do it.】

Either you do it, or I ask for somebody else to do it. 要么你来做，要么我请其他人来做。

Neither does his father smoke nor does he drink. 他的父亲既不抽烟也不喝酒。

Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.

他不仅喜欢读故事，而且他甚至可以写一些故事。

 

⑵分句间的近似并列连词——本不是并列连词，但能引导并列分句。

①部分连接副词(conjunctive adverb)——有的连接副词如accordingly(因此／于是)、consequently(所以／因而)、furthermore(此外／而且)、indeed(的确／确实)、moreover(再者／同时)、then(那时／其次)等，也常用来连接并列分句，以作补充说明。此时连接副词前面或用逗号或用分号；也可以有连词and，连接副词便起意思上的连接作用。

例：Tom was tired out; accordingly, we sent him to bed. 汤姆累坏了,于是,我们就送他上床歇着去。

He was asked to leave the city and accordingly he went.有人叫他离开该城市，所以他就走了。

The rain was heavy, consequently the road was flooded. 雨下得很大，所以路被淹没了。

I missed the train and consequently was late for work. 我没有赶上火车，结果上班迟到了。

I’m too tired to go; furthermore, it is too late. 我太累不能去；况且，又太迟了。

I don’t want you to go; furthermore, I forbid it. 我不想让你去，而且我也禁止你去。

I am hungry; indeed, I am almost starving. 我饿了，我简直要饿死了。【这样前后皆标点的副词也可理解为插入语】

I don’t like skating, moreover, the ice is too thin. 我不喜欢滑冰，而且冰又太薄。

Bicycling is a good exercise; moreover, it doesn’t pollute the air. 骑脚踏车是很好的运动，而且还不污染环境。

I let her have her say, and then I laid into her. 我让她把话说完，然后就把她痛骂一顿。

Give him another dose----then he’ll fetch up. 再给他服一剂药，他就会苏醒过来了。

 

②有的连接副词如however(无论怎样)、nevertheless(然而／尽管如此)、otherwise(否则／不然)、therefore(因此／所以)、thus(因此／于是)、hence(因此／所以)等，实际已经用成了并列连词，用以引导并列分句。当这类词的前面出现有and之类的连词时，它们便是连接副词。

例：You can use it however you want. 你可以尽情使用。

You can travel however you like. 你可以随心所欲地去旅行。

Arrange your hours however you like. 你爱怎么安排时间就怎么安排。

He was very tired; nevertheless he went on walking. 尽管他很疲倦，但他还是继续走。

He was angry, nevertheless he listened to me patiently. 他生气了，但他还是耐心地听我说。

You are in the right, therefore we should support you. 你是对的，所以我们应当支持你。

You are a good student, therefore we should believe in you. 你是个好学生，因此，我们应当相信你。

Be there on time, otherwise you’ll create a bad impression. 要准时来，否则你会给人一个坏的印象。

Please call before you come, otherwise we might not be home. 你来之前请先打个电话，否则我们可能不在家。

She studied hard; thus she got high marks. 她用功读书，因此获得高分

It was already rather late, thus we decide to urge the customer. 已经相当晚了，所以我们决定催促客户。

A is equal to B ; B is equal to C; hence A is equal to C.  A等于B，B等于C，因此，A等于C。

There are no labour problems, and hence no labour pains! 没有工人惹的麻烦，事业起步时也就少点头痛！

（未完待续）