英语定语从句Ⅱ之㈢

取录自《语自学参考系列·句法手册》 第五章 英语复合句并列句（简写版） 第八节  部分关系词特用特说㈢

编者  川竹 樑翁

 

（续前：四、关系词that与as  1. 代副兼用的关系词that  ⑵用代词that引导的定语从句）

⑶which、that、who用法比较——指物的关系代词which与that并不是在任何情况下都能互换

关系代词that和which在定语从句中都可作主语或宾语；作宾语时，均可省略。指物时在通常情况下，可互换使用；但指物的which与that有时候是不能互换的。

①当关系代词that与which指事物时．在句中常可互换。【可互换的that、which】

例：The train that／which has just left is for Shanghai．刚开离的那列火车是去上海的。【作主语】

The film (which／that) we saw last night is wonderful．我们昨天晚上看的电影好极了。【作宾语, 可省略】

 

②关系代词which虽然只指物，但它既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句；而that就只能用在限制性定语从句中。——that、which在限定性从句中作宾语时都可省略，特别在口语中；而用于引导非限制性定语从句的which永远不可省略。

例：I have set down everything that happened that day. 我把那天发生的事情全都记了下来。【that限制性定语从句】

This is the book (that) I borrowed from the school library．这是我从学校图书馆借来的书。【限制性定从宾语that可省略】

This is the museum which was built last year. 这就是去年建成的博物馆。【which限制性定语从句】

This poem, which almost everybody knows, is by Scot. 几乎人人都知道的这首诗，是司格特所作。【非限制性定语从句】

Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world．全世界都有人都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。

 

③紧跟其后直接用作介词宾语的关系代词，指物的用which，指人者用whom。就是不能用that，如“这是他用来写字的钢笔。”不可说成“*This is the pen with that he writes”，而可以改作下例中的任何一句。

例：This is the pen with which he writes．【介词前移最正式】 

This is the pen that he writes with．

This is the pen which he writes with．

This is the pen he writes with．【省了关系词最不正式】

又例：Tom now works in the factory in which his father worked. 汤姆现在在他父亲工作过的那家工厂工作。

The man with whom you talked just now is my friend. 刚才和你讲话的那个人是我的朋友。

 

④that在定语从句中作介词宾语时，介词必须位在它的后面；而which则不尽然：介词应放在它的前面，也可如that一样介词位在其后；但固定配搭的“动介短语”如look for、 wait for、take care of等，其中介词习惯上不可前移。

例：This is the kind of life that he is used to，这就是他习惯的那种生活。【that作介词宾语】

The cab that we came in ran over a dog．我们所乘的马车碾压了一条狗。

The school (that／which) he once studied inis very famous.【“that／which”可省略】

= The school in which he once studied is very famous. 【此which不可换成that且不可省略】

他曾经就读过的那所学校很出名。

Language is the most important tool without which people can't communicatewith each other．【which作介词宾语】

语言是最重要的工具，没有它，人们便无法交流。

但：This is the watch which／that I am looking for. 这是我正在寻找的手表。【(√)因look for是固定短语】

*This is the watch for which I am looking. 【(×)因拆散了固定配搭look for】

The teacher whom you are waiting is coming for．你等的那位老师来了。【(√)wait for等待】

*The teacher for whom you are waiting is coming．【(×)wait for固定短语习惯不分拆】

 

⑤关系代词which和代词that或其它关系代词，也可能同时出现在同一个句子中，但which一般是用在that之后，或是用在离开前一个先行词有一段距离之后。

例：What was that which he gave youjust now? 他刚才给你的是什么?

What is that which you have just stuffed into the plastic cup? 你刚才塞在塑料杯里的是什么东西?

They stand on the edge of that green valley which is Egypt. 他们矗立在葱绿的谷地边缘，那谷地便属埃及。

They worked in a hot dusty room at the boarding house where Bell lived and which he used as his lab．

他们在供膳宿舍内一间闷热且到处是灰尘的房间里工作，这是贝尔的住处，也是他的实验室。

 

⑶宜用which不宜用that的情况

①关系代词前有介词且指物或事时，宜用which不宜用that。

例：The pen with which you are writing is Jeff’s. 你现在正用来写字的那支笔是杰夫的。

The middle school in which I used to study has become a factory. 我过去学习的中学现在已经变成了一家工厂。

 

②引导非限制性定语从句时，宜用which而不可用that。

例：She didn’t pass the exam, which depressed her greatly. 她没通过考试，这使她很沮丧。

Have you ever read the book The Three Musketeers, which was written by Alexander Dumas?

你读过大仲马写的《三个火枪手》吗？

 

③先行词本身就是that时，自然不宜用that而应该用which作关系词了。

例：That which is mortal is not immortal. 凡是会死的就不是永生的.

I have that which you will give me.  我有你要给我的那个东西。

What’s that which flashed in the sky just now? 刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么东西？

 

④先行词的后面有插入语时，指物时用which，指人时用who，都不用that。

例：Here is the English grammar book which, as I’ve told you, will help improve your English.

这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书，它能帮你提高英语。

The thief who, as we predicted, stole a bike on the square yesterday, turned up again.

正如我们所料，昨天在广场上偷了一辆自行车的那个小偷又出现了。

 

⑤在从句中作定语或介词宾语时，要用which。

例：Lily might possibly come, in which case I’ll ask her. 莉莉可能会来的，要是那样的话我就去问她。

He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.

他在当地文法学校接受过教育，之后去了剑桥。

 

⑥当限制性或非限制性定语从句是否定句或者表示否定意思时，只能用which。

例：She pretended not to know me, which I didn’t understand. 她假装不认识我，我真不明白。

For judicial purposes, it matters not which of those things occurred. 为了司法上的目的, 无论发生什么都无关紧要.。

 

⑦以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。这就成了way后面跟定语从句有三种形式：“way + that +定语从句”或“way + in which +定语从句【由in which替换that】”或“way +定语从句【省掉关系词that】”。

例：I like the way that her hair hangs down. 我喜欢她的头发笔直垂下来的样子。

The way that you’re doing it is completely crazy. 你这种习惯，简直是发疯了。

That is the way in which we should deport ourselves. 这才是我们的行为方式。

We cannot help the way in which people speak of us. 别人如何谈论我们，我们自然无从干预。

The way in which／that he answered the question was surprising. 他回答问题的方式真令人惊讶。

He didn’t speak the way (that／in which) I do. 他没有用我说话的方式那样说。

They didn’t do it in the way that we do now. 他们没有按照我们现在做的方式这样做。

 

⑷that与who的用法区别——宜用who不宜用that的情况。

①当that与who两者均可指人时，有时可互换。

例：All that／who heard him were delighted. 所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。

He is the only one among us that／who knows Russian. 他是我们中间惟一懂俄语的人。

 

②先行词是指人的如one、ones、anyone等不定代词时，关系代词只宜用who而不宜用that。

例：The ones who flatter me don’t please me. 那些奉承我的人并不能取悦我。

One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. 一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。

We don’t want anyone who can’t afford the tuition fee to drop out of school. 我们不想让任何交不起学费的人辍学。

 

③先行词为指人的those时，关系代词宜用who。

例：Those who want to take part in the sports meeting sign up here. 想参加运动会的人在这里签名。

Those who have good manners will be highly respected. 那些有礼貌的人会受到人们的高度尊重。

 

④.当先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语或在被分割的定语从句中时，引导这种定语从句的关系代词只宜用who。

例：The boy was crying hard who lost his way while looking for his mother.

这个小男孩在找妈妈的过程中迷了路，正哭得厉害。

Professor Smith is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.

史密斯教授就要来给我们作一场关于如何学英语的讲座。

 

⑤在there be开头的句子中主语指人时，也只宜用who引导后面的定语从句

例：There are many young men who support him. 有许多年轻人支持他。

There is an old man who says he is your uncle. 有位老人说他是你的伯父。

 

⑸用作关系副词的that

引导定语从句的关系词that，除了常常用作关系代词外，也可以用于表示时间、地点、理由、方式的名词之后，取代when、where、why等关系副词引导定语从句，所修饰的先行词通常为the time、the day、the place、the way之类的名词。关系副词that引导从句修饰上述一类名词时，其作用相当于at which、in which、on which或for which等“介词+ which”结构；关系副词that也常被省略。

 

①that作时间状语，常代替when或“介词+which”引导定语从句。这种用法比较口语化, 而且that经常省略。

例：We arrived the day that／on which they left . 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。

The moment (that／when／at which) he entered, everybody became silent．他一进来大家都沉默了。

       March is the best time (that／in which／during which) farmers plough their fields. 三月是农民耕地的最佳时间。

 

②that作地点状语，常可代替where或“介词+which”引导定语从句。先行词一般是表示地点(place)的名词，that可省略。

例：This is the place that／where／at which the Red Army defeated the enemy troops．这是红军打败敌人的地方。

It took us two hours to find a small river with clean water that／where／in which we could see fish swimming.

我们花了两个小时时间才找到一条清澈的小河，在那我们可以看到小鱼游水。

 

③that作原因状语，其先行词一般是reason；that可代替why或for which引导定语从句。that通常可省略。

例：我想知道你改变计划的原因。

I should like to know the reason that／why／for which you change the plan．

或：I should like to know why you change the plan.【这是可避免无谓重复的一种简便用法】

The reason (that／why) he lost his life was the ignorance of the doctor. 他的死是由于医生的疏忽。

 

④that作方式状语，可代替“介词+which”引导定语从句，先行词一般是way，这that常省略。

一般说来，修饰way的定语从句不需要关系副词或关系代词，但在较为正式的文体里也常会发现“介词+which”结构，这并不认为是一种反常现象。

例：This is the way in which he did it．那就是他做这件事的方法。

There are varieties of ways (in which／that) we can solve this problem. 我们有很多方法可以解决这个问题。

I don’t like the way (that／in which) you were listening with your mouth half open．

你听人说话时那副半张着嘴的样子我不喜欢。

 

⑤对上述几点作一概括：先行词为the time、the place、the reason以及the way、the moment、the period等少数名词时，在口语中也可用that代替when、where、why及in which等，还可省去。

例：That is the time (that)  he arrives．那就是他到达的时间。

Do you know the place (that) he worked then？你知道他当时工作过的地方吗？

That is the way (in which／that) he did it．那是他做事情的方式。

（未完待续）