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英语定语从句Ⅰ之㈣

取录自《语自学参考系列·句法手册》 第五章 英语复合句并列句（简写版） 第七节 定语从句Ⅰ㈣

编者  川竹 樑翁

（续前：二、初说引导定语从句的关系词  2. 关系词的省略与保留  ⑶介词的位置及关系代词的省略）

⑷特殊的“介词+关系代词”结构——“介词+which+名词”或“名词／数词+of+which／whom”结构

当用“介词+关系代词”引导【限制性或非限制性】定语从句时，我们常常会用到需要加用名词或数词于其中的这样一些特殊介词关系结构来表达。

①“准确型”介词关系结构——所谓“准确型”是指要求表达句意更加明确所用的“介词+ which +名词”句式。

有时，或是为了使句意更为明确，或是为了强调，非限制性定语从句还采用“介词+which+名词”结构引导——即在关系代词which之后加上一个适当的名词：如果是为了使句意明确，该名词不可省去；如果只是为了强调句意，该名词则可以省去。若是省去了名词之后，便又成了“介词+关系代词”的结构形式。

例：He lost his temper, at which point I decided to go home. 他发脾气了，这时我就决定回家去。【为使句意明确】

He might be in bed still, in which case we can go without him．他可能还没有起来，(如果是)这样咱们就不带他去。

Water boils at l00℃, at which temperature it changes to a gas．水在100℃沸腾，此时【在这个温度时】它变成气体。

The questions were all on the opera, about which subject I know nothing. 【如果去掉斜体名词句意可能不明】

那些问题都是关于歌剧的，我对歌剧一无所知。

The picking of the fruit, for which work they receive no money, takes about a week.

采摘水果这项工作没有工资，大约要花一周时间。【为了强调, 若去掉斜体名词句意仍明确】

It was derived from Posidonius, for which reason most of its information may well have been out-of date.

它源于鲍森杜尼尔斯。由于这个原因，它的大部分信息很可能就已经过时。

若：They stayed with me for three weeks, during which (time) they drank all the wine I had. 【去掉which后名词】

他们和我在一起三个星期，在那段时间里，他们喝光了我所有的酒。

August and September are the months of the year, during which (months) most English people take their holidays.

一年中的8月和9月是大多数英国人休假的月份。

Suzhou, in which (city) we spent last spring, is one of the most beautiful cities in China.

苏州，去年春天我们是在那里度过的，它是中国最美丽的城市之一。

                          

②“所有型”介词关系结构——所谓“所有型”，是指用了介词of表示所有关系的定语从句引导结构。

在“名词+ of which／whom”这类结构中的介词是具有“所有”意义的of，这个介词的位置固定不变，关系代词不能省略。该介词of前面的名词，连同它的定冠词可以移至关系代词后面紧挨着的位置上。

例：They live in a house, the door of which opens to the north.  他们住在一幢门朝北开的房子里。

=They live in a house, of which the door opens to the north．

=They live in a house, whose door opens to the north．                                       

【不过，目前whose用来指物作定语的用法有逐渐为of which所代替的趋向】。

又例：In 1990 he caught a serious illness the effects of which he still suffers from.

1990年他患上了到现在对他仍有影响的重病。【限制性定语从句】

Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300,000 kilometes.

光是世界上最快的，其速度是300000公里。【非限制性定语从句】

The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which were saved for other purposes.

该工厂使用了65%的原材料，其余的原材料被节省下来用作其他用途。

She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction of which had taken more than three years.

她给游客参观博物馆，这博物馆的建筑花了三年多时间。    

 

③“部分型”介词关系结构——所谓“部分型”，主要指“先行词这个整体中的一部分+ of which／whom”这类结构【其中的of表示整体与部分的关系】。这类结构中的“部分”可以是基数词one、two、three或four等，也可以是序数词the first、the second或the third等【包括the last】，还可以是分数词a third、two thirds等；此外，也可以是表示数量意义的不定代词some、many、half、most、several、a few等，还可以是比较级或最高级【如the bigger、the biggest等】，如此等等。介词前面的数词或不定代词也可以移至关系代词后面紧挨着的位置上。【与“所有型”的区别在于此of前不是名词】、

例：Our school has 83 teachers, 30 of whom are women.  我们学校有教师83人，其中30人是女性。

= Our school has 83 teachers, of whom 30 are women．【whom=83 teachers】

In our class there are 46 students, of whom half【=half of whom】wear glasses. 我们班有46名学生，其中一半戴眼镜。

There were 500 passengers, 121 of whom drowned.=There were 500 passengers, of whom 121 drowned.

一共有500位乘客，其中有121人被淹死了。 

Present at the meeting were almost experts on psychology, most of whom【=of whom most】came from US.

出席会议的大都是心理学家，其中大部分来自美国。

又例：He wrote a lot of novels, most of which were popular. 他写了很多小说，其中大部分是受欢迎的。

She wrote a lot of novels, none of which were popular. 她写过许多本小说，但没有一本是受欢迎的。

=She wrote a lot of novels, but none of them were popular.【连词but将其变成了并列句故可用them】

There are forty students in their class, thirty of whom are League members.他们班有四十个学生，其中三十人是团员。=There are forty students in their class, of whom thirty are League members.

There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new. 大厅里有三十把椅子，绝大部分是新的。

Here are the questions, some of which I thought easy for you. 就是这么些问题，我认为其中有些对你来说很容易。

I bought a dozen eggs，six of which broke down when I dropped the box.

我买的一打12个鸡蛋，我的盒子掉地时摔破了六个。

It now has 20,000 hectares of land, more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation.

现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中有三分之二强已经耕种。

The textile mill has over 8,000 workers and staff, eighty percent of whom are women.

这家纺织厂有8千多职工，女职工占百分之八十。

There are two (bottles) left, one of which is almost finished and the other of which is not quite.

只剩两瓶，一瓶快喝完了，另一瓶没完全喝完。【which=two bottles】

I bought a dozen eggs, six of which broke when I dropped the box.【which=a dozen eggs=12 eggs】

我买了一打鸡蛋，六个在我失手掉了盒子时摔碎了。

I was given three books on cooking, the first of which I really enjoyed.【which=three books】

有人给了我三本关于烹饪的书，其中的第一本我特别喜欢。

There were a lot of computers at the exhibition, any (one) of which would have suited me perfectly.

展览会上有很多电脑，无论哪一种都会非常适合我用。“”

 

④“同位型”介词关系结构——所谓“同位型”，主要指“用作同位语的不定代词+ of which”这类结构。其中用作同位语的不定代词主要包括all、any、each、both、either、neither或none等。

例：Her sons, both of whom work abroad, ring her up every week. 她的两个儿子，都在国外工作，每周都给她打电话。

Maria has written two novels, both of which have been made into television.  

玛丽亚已经写了两部小说，都被拍成了电视。

He has a shelf full of things, each of which has associations for him.

他的一个搁架上摆满了东西，每一样都能勾起他许多回忆。 

They produced two reports, neither of which contained any useful suggestions.

他们作了两个报告，都没有什么有用的建议。

English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of which uses it somewhat differently.

英语是一种不同文化层次人们的共享语言，每个人使用它都略有不同。

The machines, each of which is perhaps five feet in diameter, are not the largest devices in the room.

这些机器每台直径大约5英尺，它们并不是这间屋里最大的设备。 

He devotes most of hid words to two topics: money and health, each of which he seemed to lack in equal measure.

他用大部分篇幅论述两个论题，即金钱和健康，而这两样他都同样缺乏。

 

⑤“简约型”介词关系结构——有时可以见到“介词+关系代词+不定式”这样的结构，这可视为一种紧缩的定语从句，即省去了从句主语，从句的谓语动词也代之以动词不定式。

例：She must have time in which to grow calm. = She must have time in which she can grow calm.

她必须有冷静下来时的时间。

She had some money in the bank, with which to help her mother.

=She had some money in the bank, with which she could help her mother.

她银行里有些钱用来帮助她的母亲。

特别提示：这类结构中的介词不能没有，该介词也不可以位于不定式后面。

比较：在那儿孩子们有个可以玩耍的花园。

There the children had a garden in which to play.【很正式】

There the children had a garden in which they could play.【较正式】

There the children had a garden to play in.【较口语化】

但不能说：*There the children had a garden which to play in.

 

⑸可与关系副词互换的“介词+which”

我们已经知道，关系副词when、where和why可以引导表示时间、地点和原因的定语从句【why只可引导限制性定语从句】，在从句中作状语；也可用“介词+ which”来替代关系副词when、where或why引导定语从句，而“介词+whom／whose”在定语从句中却没有与之对应的替代词。

①替代when——“介词+ which”替代when，在定语从句中作时间状语。

例：The day when (=on which) she arrived was Thursday. 她到的那天是星期四。

July and August are the months when (=in which) the weather is hot. 七八月是天气很热的月份。

I’ll never forget the days on which (when) we lived together. 我永远忘不了我们一起生活的日子。

The year in which (when) the Tangshan earthquake happened was 1976. 发生唐山大地震的那年是1976年。

We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when (=by then) the weather may be better.

我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点。【非限制性定语从句中】

 

②替代where——“介词+ which”替代where，在定语从句中作地点状语。

例：This is the town in which (where) Shakespeare was born. 这就是莎士比亚出生的城镇。

This is the hotel where ( =in which / at which) they were staying. 这就是他们当时住的旅店。

Do you remember the place where (=at which) we had lunch? 你记得我们吃午饭的地方吗?

The house in which (where) I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被推倒了。

The Tower of London, where (=in which) so many people lost their lives, is now a tourist ttraction.

在伦敦塔中曾有许多人丧命，它现在是旅游胜地。【非限制性定语从句中】

 

③替代why——“介词+ which”替代why，在定语从句中作原因状语。why是一个比较特殊的关系副词，它引导定语从句时，除可换成for which外，有时也可换成that，甚至省略。

例：他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。【下面各译句均属正确】

译：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.【关系词why】

The main reason for which he lost his job was that he drank. 【关系词for which】

The main reason that he lost his job was that he drank. 【关系词that】

The main reason he lost his job was that he drank.【关系词省略】

又例：There’s no reason for which (why) we don’t attend the party. 我们没有理由不参加聚会。

I’d like you to explain the reason for which (why) you were late again. 我想让你解释一下你再次迟到的原因。

The reason why (=for which) I came here was to be with my family. 我到这里来的原因是要跟我的家里人在一起。

My success in business, the reason why (=for which) he dislikes me, has been due to hard work.

他为我在事业上的成功而不喜欢我，我的成功归功于我努力工作。【非限制性定语从句中】

 

④从上面各例可以明显看出，在能够替代关系副词的各“介词+ which”结构中，which只有一个，而其前的介词却有不同——介词的选择则决定于which所指的名词与介词的搭配关系，或决定于从句中的动词与介词的搭配关系。

例：That is the house where【＝in which】he lived ten years ago．这是他10年前住过的房子。

That is the house where【＝from which】you can enjoy the scenery．你从里面能欣赏到外面风景的就是这座房子。

I still remember the time when【=at which】I first became a primary school pupil．我仍记得自己刚上小学的时候。

That is the reason why【＝for which】he didn’t come．这是他为什么没来的原因。

 

⑹不可用关系副词替换的“介词+which”

以上所说是关系副词与“介词+which”可互换的情形——当“介词+ which”在定语从句中作时间、地点或原因状语时，可以用相应的关系副词when、where或why来替换。但是，下面几种情况它们彼此则是不能互换的。

①有些语境需要用特定的介词来明确其关系，此时若将“介词+which”换成关系副词，便会导致意思不明确或句意不能通顺。

例：The ladder on which I was standing began to slip.我脚下的梯子开始向下滑动。【此on which不能换成where,否则意思不明确】

This I did at nine o’clock, after which I sat reading the paper. 九点钟时我做这事，之后我坐着看报。

【句中的after which不能换成when, 否则意思不明确】

 

②介词+which”后面接有被which修饰的名词时，通常不能用关系副词代替。

例：The programme will continue until 2016 by which time $3million will have been spent.

这个项目将持续到2016年。到那时开支将达到300万美元。【by which time不能换成when, 因which后有它修饰的名词time】

We arrived at noon, by which time the demonstration was over. 我们是中午到达的，到那时游行业已结束。

【句中by which time不能换成when, 因为which后跟有它所修饰的名词time】

 

③当“介词+which”并不表示时间、地点或原因时，自然不能换成关系副词。

例：The documents for which they were searching have been recovered. 他们找寻的文件已经找到了。

【此句中的for which不能换成why, 理由是它并不表示原因, for 的配搭关系是search for】

There are three principal routes by which one can drive to North Wales. 开车到北威尔士，有三条主要路线可走。

【句中by which不能换成where, 因这by which并不表示地点, 介词by在此表示“通过”】

This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while. 这是一个我们可能长时间争论的问题。

【句中about which不能换成when或where, 因该about which并不表时间或地点,介词about在此表“关于”，所涉及搭配是argue about】

 

（定从第一节完）