加载中…英语比较状语从句㈣
(2014-11-21 23:22:25)
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英语比较状语从句 |
英语比较状语从句㈣
取录自《英语自学参考系列·句法手册》
第五章
编者
一、as与than引导的比较状语从句㈣
（续前：一、as与than引导的比较状语从句
3.英语比较之特殊形态含than句
⑵“more…than…”的用法——不连写的“more…than”中的more后面不是用形容词或副词的比较级形式，而需用原级，在more之后跟用修饰名词、代词、动词或介词短语等。一般而言，比较的两部分并不完全要求用完全相同的词类。别看这分写的more…than，这than引导的就是比较状语从句——省略了与主句重复词语的比较状语从句。
①“more…than”之more本身用作比较级——把more看成是many或much的比较级，表示数量，表“比…更多”；后接名词：其后所跟是可数名词者，该more是many的比较级；若后面所接为不可数名词，该more是much的比较级。
例：I made more mistakes than you. 我犯的错误比你多。【修饰可数名词】
Last year there were more births than deaths. 去年的出生人数多于死亡人数。
Statistics show that there are more boys than girls at school. 统计数字表明学校的男生比女生多。
The common cold idles more people than any other disease. 普通的感冒比其他疾病能使更多的人无法工作。
Today farming employs more people than any other type of work. 目前从事农业的人比从事其它行业的人都要多。
At one time most school teachers were men,but now there are more women than men.
以前学校教师大都是男的，而现在却是女的比男的多。
He has passed more gas than usual within the last two days. 过去两天中,他放屁比平常多。【修饰不可数名词】
He’s got more money than the rest of us together. 他的钱比我们大家的加在一起的总数还多。
Over weight people need more water than thin people. 体重过重的人比瘦的人需要更多的水。
It took me a lot more time to do it this time than last time. 干这活,我这次比上次用的时间多得多。
I found myself having more fun than I had had in years. 我发现自己这些年来从未像现在这样开心过。
②“more…than”的more若再受much或many的修饰，意为“比…更加／比…得多”；其时more后便应分别跟接不可数名词或可数名词。
例：There are many more people than we expected. 比我们想象的人要多得多。【受many修饰后接可数名词】
Ted bought many more books than I did yesterday. 昨天特德比我买的书多多了。
Last year there were many more births than deaths. 去年的出生人数大于死亡人数。
His car cost much more money than mine. 他的小汽车所花的钱比我的多得多。【受much修饰接不可数名词】
Every activity takes much more time than we have. 所有的事都会比我们预计的时间长得多。
There is much more water in the bottle than in the glass. 瓶子里的水比玻璃杯里的水多得多。
③“more…than”表“比…更”——此more…than 结构中的more后接多音节或部分双音节形容词【包括形容词化的分词】或副词，构成比较级，修饰形容词、副词、介词短语或动词；此时的more…than相当于greater、in a greater degree，用以对两个不同的事物之间就同一方面作比较【异类同质比较】，即表示对主句主语和than从句【多呈省略句形式】主语的相同性进行比较：肯定more后面的，否定than后面的【针对than而言就是肯定前者而否定后者】。
例：Iron is more useful than gold. 铁比金子更有用。【对iron和gold的用途这一性质进行比较】
She is more beautiful than her sister. 她比她姐姐漂亮。【she和sister是主语, beautiful是性质】
He is more careful than the others. 他比其他人更仔细。【肯定he的仔细, 否定the others的仔细】
The concert was more enjoyable than the lecture. 音乐会比讲座更令人愉快。【more后跟形容词】
Cremation is more common than burial in some countries. 在一些国家，火葬比土葬普遍.
You get more tired when you lift a heavy load than a light one. 东西挑得多比挑得少更累人。
Travelling by train is more relaxing than driving. 乘火车旅行比开汽车轻松得多。
She was more beautiful than any woman I'd seen: 她比我所有曾见过的女人都要美丽。
This company is more concerned with quality than with quantity. 这家公司对质量比对产量更关心。
It will produce electricity more cheaply than a nuclear plant. 它的发电成本要比核电站低。【more后跟副词】
Airports were more closely watched than anyplace else. 飞机场比任何其他地方看守得更严密。
All human beings are much more intelligent than animals. 所有人类的智力都比动物高得多。【副词修饰形容词】
She is more of a poet than he is. 她比他更有诗人气质。【more后跟介词短语】
It was more of an idle threat than anything. 那其实是唬人的话。
You would be more of a hind-rance than a help. 你帮不上忙，反倒会碍事。
The emperor cares more for new clothes than for anything else. 皇帝喜欢新衣服胜过其它任何东西。
Sue screamed, not loudly, more in surprise than terror. 休尖叫起来，声音不大，吃惊多于恐惧。
Pale colours are much more in vogue than autumnal bronzes and coppers.浅色比黄褐色和红棕色这些秋季色彩更流行。
④“more…than”连用同类词语——当形容词、副词、动词、名词等跟用于“more…than…”结构，有时than的前后部分要求使用相同词类或相同结构的词语【偶尔也有例外】；此时便不是对两个对象进行某一方面【异类同质】的比较，而是对同一个人或物在两个不同方面【同类异质】进行比较或取舍。表达之意是肯定than前面的，否定than后面的【仍是肯定前者而否定后者】；可译为“与其说…不如说…／是…而不是…／是…更是…／有…无…”等中文词语。
例：He is more good than bad. 与其说他坏不如说他好。【连用形容词】
She is more shy than unsocial. 她是害羞，而不是不爱交际。
He is more lucky than clever. 与其说他聪明，不如说他幸运。
She is more hungry than tired. 与其说她累了，倒不如说她饿了。
It is more grey than brown. 与其说它是棕色的，倒不如说是灰色的。
Catherine is more diligent than intelligent. 凯瑟琳是勤奋而不是聪明。
He is more slow than careful. 与其说他办事认真，不如说他反应迟钝。
He is more dead than alive. 与其说他还活在人世，不如说他是行尸走肉。
John is more daring than quick-witted. 与其说约翰脑子灵活，不如说他胆大妄为。
George is more intelligent than aggressive. 与其说乔治言语放肆，不如说他聪颖过人。
George is more intelligent than aggressive. 与其说乔治言行放肆，不如说他聪颖过人。
She was more sad than angry when her son lied again. 当她的儿子再次说谎时，她的悲伤甚于愤怒。
It is more a poem than a picture. 与其说这是一幅画，不如说这是一首诗。【连用名词】
He is more (a) scholar than (a) teacher. 与其说他是教师，不如说是学者。
He was more friend than servant to me. 与其说他是我的仆人，不如说他是我的朋友。
She is more a singer than an actress. 与其说她是个演员，不如说是个歌唱家。
It was more a cross-examination than an interview. 与其说这是一次面试，不如说是审讯。
This book seems to be more a manual than a text. 这本书看来更像是手册而不是教科书。
The book is more a dictionary than a grammar. 与其说这是一本语法书，还不如说是一本字典。
The child was more frightened than hurt. 这孩子没受什么伤，只是受到了惊吓。【连用过去分词】
Hearing the loud noise, the boy was more surprised than frightened. 听到那声音，那男孩惊讶甚于恐惧。
Don’t be too hard on him. He’s more cheated than stupid. 别对他太苟刻了，与其说他愚蠢倒不如说他被欺骗了。
I was dumb more with fright than (with) cold. 我全身麻木不是冻的，而是因为恐惧。【连用介词短语】
He is more of a fool than (of) a knave. 与其说他是个无赖，不如说他是个笨蛋。【重复的介词有时可省略】
Dogs bark more for custom than (for) fierceness. 狗之所以会叫主要是因为习惯，而不是生性凶狂。
A mob is influenced more on impulse than by reason. 乌合之众的行为不受理智的控制而是冲动的后果。
Success in language is more a matter of application than of intelligence.
语言的成功与其说是智力的问题，不如说是应用的问题。
特别提示：使用同类异质比较的“more…than”需注意之点
A.有时more…than后的可数名词用作抽象名词，不加任何冠词。
例：He is more knave than fool.【=He is more of a knave than a fool.】 与其说他愚蠢无能，不如说他厚颜无耻。
She is more mother than wife. 她是一位妻子，但更是一位母亲。【她算得上是良母，但不是贤妻。】
B.“more +形容词／副词+ than”结构如若用以表示“与其说…，不如说…”，其中形容词或副词即使是单音节词或双音节词，也不能用其比较级，而应一律用“more +原形词+ than…”。
例：Tom was more good than bad. 与其说汤姆坏，不如说他好。
若：*Tom was better than worse.【此句不成立】
⑤“more…than+含can从句”——“more…than…”后跟含can／could的从句，其为肯定形式，却表否定意思。more…than后跟从句，连词than还在从句中作主语或宾语，表示“难以到…地步／不是…所能的”之类意思，翻译成中文时，可用较灵活的否定词语。【跟“more than”+含can从句一样，意表否定】
例：He has more money than he can spend. 他有花不完的钱。【than作从句有宾语】
I have more books than I can read. 我的书多得读不完。
I want more books than I can ever get. 我需要的书多得我无法购买。
Sharp words make more wounds than surgeon can heal. 恶语伤人，良医难治。
The firm has more clients than it can take care of. 这家商行的主顾多得应接不暇。
Don’t take on more responsibilities than you can handle. 不要承担过多的责任。
Never carry around any more cash than you can afford to have stolen. 身上不要带太多的钱。
Peter spent more money than was intended to be spent. 彼得花的钱比原计划的多。【than作从句主语】
That afternoon they drank more coffee than had been our custom. 那天下午他们喝的咖啡比通常的要多。
⑥“more…than”的修饰语——“more…than”结构如同“more than”一样，其前可以受a lot、much、many、far、by far、a little、a bit、still、slightly、nothing等词语修饰，
例：Boys are slightly more likely to die in infancy than girls. 在婴幼儿时期，男孩比女孩更容易死去。
Salt water is much more conductive than fresh water is. 盐水比淡水的传导性强得多。
The coat is much more expensive than the one we saw yesterday. 这件外套比我们昨天看见的要贵得多。
There were a lot of younger people than me with more experience. 有许多年轻人比我更有经验。
Sound travels much and much more slowly than light. 声音比光的传播速度要慢得多得多。
Most people tend to forget such a truth that feet are far more important than shoes.
脚比鞋重要，这是一条真理，许许多多的人却常常忘记(这一点)。
She could have thought of nothing more likely to please her brother than this praise of Maggie.
她本该想到没有比赞扬玛琪更能使她哥哥高兴的了
⑦more…than与其它等同结构——若将“more...than…”中than前后的比较项分别设为A和B，那么下列各式表意功能基本相当：“与其说是B，不如说是A”，只是注意在否定式中A与B得互换位置。【下例各句中的he指大象】
a).“more A than B”
例：He is more like a spear than anything else. 与其说他像别的什么东西，不如说他像一根长矛。
b).“A rather than B”
例：He is like a spear rather than anything else. 与其说他像别的什么东西，不如说他像一根长矛。
c).“not so much B as A”
例：He is not so much like anything else as like a spear. 与其说他像别的什么东西，不如说他像一根长矛。
d).“less B than A”
例：He is less like anything else than like a spear. 与其说他像别的什么东西，不如说他像一根长矛。
又例：He is more a scholar than a teacher. 与其说他是位教师毋宁说他是位学者。
He lay rather than sat in his armchair. 与其说他是坐在扶手椅里，不如说是躺在里边。
Oceans don’t so much divide the world as unite it. 与其说海洋分隔了世界，不如说海洋连接世界。
I regard him less as my teacher than as my friend. 与其说我把他当作老师，不如说我是把他当作朋友。
⑶“no more than”的用法——no more than主要强调more的反面，即强调数量之少或程度之低。
no more than≈not any more than，但可不能完全划＝号，因后者只能表达前者的部分意思。no more than在数量上强调其少，在程度上强调“两者都不”【不够达到某种程度】；表示说话者主观上嫌其少、嫌其差、嫌其不足、嫌其不好。
①“no more than+名词”——no more than作为一个固定结构，后面直接跟用名词，意作“只不过／仅仅”解。多用于系表结构句修饰其表语，或用于“主—谓—宾”句修饰其宾语；就是不构成比较状语从句。
例：He is no more than a puppet. 他只不过是个傀儡。【系表结构】
It’s no more than a mile to the shops. 去商店不过一英里。
Money is no more than our servant. 金钱不过是我们的仆人。
The talk is no more than a platitude. 这番话无非是老生常谈。
Three thousand dollars is no more than a portion. 3000美元只不过是一部分。
He was saying no more than the literal truth. 他说的全是不折不扣的事实。【主—谓—宾】
They make no more than a mutter of protest. 他们只不过是低声抗议了一下。
Father had no more than a superficial knowledge of music. 亲对音乐只懂一点皮毛。
②no more than后跟用由数词、形容词修饰的名词，意为“仅仅／只有／只不过／最多不超过”，强调其少。如此用的no more than仍然是以固定结构的身份修饰其后的词语——强调其后的表语或宾语，而不构成比较状语从句。
例：She was no more than an old maid. 她不过是个老处女而已。【后跟形容词+名词】
Bernard himself was no more than a ghost. 伯纳德本人不过是一个虚构的鬼而已.
He is no more than an ordinary English teacher. 他只不过是个普通的英文老师。
Some places were no more than glorified pubs. 一些地方名字叫得好听，其实不过是酒馆而已。
The final chapter is no more than a scrappy addition. 最后一章不过是一些支离破碎的补充内容。
I demand no more than the opportunity to do so without delay. 我只要求给我机会办事，不能耽误。
It’s no more than common politeness to hear what she has to say. 听她说话只不过是出于基本的礼貌。
I have no more than two pens. 我只有两支钢笔。【后跟数词+名词】
He has no more than three children. 他只有三个孩子。
The load should be no more than five tons. 载重以5吨为限。
There are no more than ten people in the room. 房间里只有十个人。
This test takes no more than thirty minutes. 这个测验只要30分钟。
Each class has no more than 40 students. 每个班级的学生不超过40个。
He felt no more than five dollars in the bag. 他的衣袋里只剩下了5美元。
Their new flat has no more than 60 square metres. 他们的新居只有60平方米。
I have no more than two dollars left in my pocket. 我衣袋里只剩下两元钱了。【有钱少含义】
His whole school education added up to no more than one year. 他所受的全部学校教育加起来只有一年。
The northward journey from Jalalabad was no more than 120 miles. 从贾拉拉巴德向北的旅程不到120英里。
The pub was no more than half full. 该酒吧的上座率最多不超过五成。
Some insects have a life-span of no more than a few hours. 有些昆虫寿命只有几小时。
③有时候，no more than后面可能跟一省略式从句，但从这类从句的句意看，应属no more than作为整体引导的宾语从句而不是比较状语从句。
例：For thirty years, he had done no more than he (had) needed to. 30年来，他只干了他需要干的工作。【后跟从句】
They are afraid of incriminating themselves and say no more than is necessary. 他们害怕受牵连，一句话也不肯多说。
Unhappily, he had done no more than pay lip service to their views.
不幸的是，他对他们观点的支持只是口惠而实不至。
④“no more than”中more用为其它比较级形式的用例。
例：She runs no faster than her sister. 她与她妹妹一样跑不快。
She will be back no later than tomorrow. 她至迟明天回来。
We are starting no later than 10 A. M. 我们会在上午10点之前出发。
He was compact, probably no taller than me. 他矮小壮实，可能并不比我高。
⑤与形容词或副词的比较级连用时要注意：用not属于一般比较结构，意为“比不上”或“不如”；用no则情况比较特殊，一般说来“no+形容词／副词比较级+than”所表示的意思是该形容词或副词的相反含义。
如：no better than = as bad as
no richer than = as poor
as
no taller than = as short as
no later than = as early
as
no bigger than = as small as
比较：John is not better than Tom. 约翰不如汤姆好。
John is no better than Tom. 约翰和汤姆一样不好／一样坏。
Joe was not richer than his friend. 乔比不上他的朋友富有。
Joe was no richer than his friend. 乔并不比他的朋友富。【乔和他的朋友一样穷】
The new house is not taller than the old one. 那座新房子不比那座旧房子高。
=The new house is as short as the old one. 那座新房子并不比那座旧房子高。
The new house is no taller than the old one. 那座新房子和那座旧房子同样不高。
（未完待续）
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