英语时间状语从句 ㈡
(2014-09-10 19:01:40)
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英语时间状语从句 |
取录自《英语自学参考系列·句法手册》
第五章
英语自学参考系列
句法手册
编者
第三节
英语时间状语从句㈡
(续前:2. 时间连词when、while与as)
3. when、while与as用法比较
⑴用“点线重合”法相区别——若用上某连词可表示主句和从句的动作在某时间点同时发生,叫“点点重合”;能表示主句和从句的动作在某时间段同时持续,叫“线线重合”;能表示某一动作在另一动作持续进行中发生,叫“点线重合”。
①as的意思是“正当…时候(just as/at the same moment that)”或“随着…(while/when)”,它既可表示一个具体的时间点,也可以表示一段时间。as可表示主句和从句的动作同时发生【点点重合】或同时持续【线线重合】;又可表示一个动作发生在另一个动作的持续过程中【点线重合】;但不能表示两个动作一前一后发生。如果主句和从句的谓语动词都表示持续性的动作,二者均可用进行时,也可以一个用进行时,一个用一般时或者都用一般时。
例:As I got on the bus, he got off. 我上车,他下车。【点点重合】
He was writing as I was reading. 我看书时,他在写字。【线线重合】
The students were talking as the teacher came in. 老师进来时,学生们正在讲话。【点线重合】
②while的意思是“在…同时(at the same time that)”或“在…期间(for as long as/during the time that)”。从while的本身词义来看,它只能表示一段时间,不能表示具体的时间点。在时间上可以是“线线重合”或“点线重合”,但不能表示“点点重合”。
例:He was watching TV
while she was cooking.
He was waiting for me while I was working.
He asked me a question while I was speaking. 我在讲话时,他问了我一个问题。【点线重合】
③when表示的时间概念比较广泛,它引导时间状语从句时的意思是“当…时候(at the time that)”、“无论什么时候(whenever)”、“一…就…(as soon as)”或“在…以后(after)”。上述①②例句中的as或while均可用when代替,因为when不但可以表示具体的时间点,而且也可以表示一段时间。在时间上它既能表示“点点重合”、“线线重合”,又能表示“点线重合”。
例:When he came in, she went out.
他进来,她出去。【点点重合】
When he came
back,I was doing some washing.
他回来时,我在洗衣服。【点线重合】
When Mary was writing a letter, the children were playing outside. 玛丽写信时,孩子们都在外面玩。【线线重合】
④比较上面各例可以看出:只有当主、从句动作结合属于“点线重合”或“线线重合”的时候,即在从句谓语用的是延续性动词进行时表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作,而主句谓语是一个短暂动作发生在从句动作进行过程中;或主句和从句动作同时持续进行时,when、while、as三者都可用来引导该从句而互换使用。
例:He fell asleep when/while/as he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。【read为延续性动词】
Jim hurt his arm while/when/as he was playing tennis. 吉姆打网球时把手臂扭伤了。【点线重合】
Peter came in when/while/as I was watching TV. 我正看电视的时候彼得进来了。
When/While/As we were dancing, a stranger came in.当我们跳舞时,一位陌生人走了进来。
As/When/While she was waiting for the train, she became very impatient. 她在等火车时,变得很不耐烦。
When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.
当我在街上走的时候,我遇到了一个老朋友。
When/While/As she was making a phonecall, I was writing a letter.她在打电话时,我正在写信。【线线重合】
Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as/when/while father was away.
妈妈担心,因为小爱丽丝病了,特别是他父亲不在家的时候。【was状态动词同延续性】
⑵ 用实义运用法进行比较
连词when、while与as虽然都能够引导时间状语从句,但其词义各有一定差别,具体运用起来所表达的时间概念各有侧重。下面我们就对此三词分别作些比较分析。
①when与while的重要区别——while引导的时间状语从句多用进行时态,而when引导的时间状语从句多用一般时态或完成时态——从句或主句谓语用完成时态表示其动作先于另一动作发生。
例:When I had read the article, he called me. 我看完这篇代章之后,她给我打了电话。【完成时动作先发生】
When I got to the cinema, the film had begun. 当我到了电影院时,电影已经开演了。
While they were talking, the bell rang. 正在他们谈话的时候,上课铃响了。【进行时动作进行中另一动作发生】
I was doing my homework when my mother came back home yesterday evening.
昨天晚上妈妈回家的时候,我正在做家庭作业。
②如若从句所表示的“当…的时候”含有“趁机”的意味,则通常用while;有时也用when。
例:Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。
I tried to slip the note to him while the teacher wasn’t looking. 我想趁老师不注意时把条子偷偷递给他。
He stole the money when no one was by. 他趁旁边无人时把钱偷走了。
The boy looks at her repeatedly when she’s not looking. 那男孩趁她没看他的时候不断地盯着她看。
③as和when可与非延续的终止性动词【短暂动作】连用,而while只能与延续性动词连用;要是主句表一个延续性动作,从句表一个短暂性动作,那么就只可用as或when而不用while【因while不与短暂动词连用】。若主从句表示的是两个同时【或几乎同时】发生的短暂性动作,也用as或when。
例:He came in when/as I was going to bed. 我正要上床睡觉,他进来了。【主句谓语短暂动词】
It was raining hard when/as we arrived. 我们到达的时候正下着大雨。【从句谓语短暂动作】()
I was paging through a magazine when he came in. 他进来时我在翻阅一本杂志。
When/As he came in, I was listening to the radio. 他进来时,我在听收音机。
若:I thought of it just when/as you opened your mouth. 就在你要说的时候,我也想到了。【主从句皆短暂动作】
特别提示:有的as短语可替换when从句
要是when引导的时间状语从句为系表结构且表语是一名词,when从句主语又和主句主语相一致,那就可以用“as+表语名词”而成的短语式省略句来代替when状语从句。
例:As a girl【=When she was a girl】, she used to haunt the local cinema. 她还是姑娘的时候常去当地的电影院。
As a young man【=When he was a young man】, he read complete works of Shakespeare. 他年轻时读过莎士比亚全集。
④若主句与从句表示的是两个同时发生的短暂性动作,含有类似汉语“一…就…”的意思,英语一般要用as,也可用when。
例:The ice cracked as/when I stepped onto it. 我一踩,冰就裂了。
He jumped to his feet as the boss came in. 老板一进来,他就立刻站了起来。
As the car hit the tree he was snot out. 汽车撞在村上,他被猛地摔了出来。
The crowd cheered loudly as the Queen appeared. 女王出现时群众高声欢呼。
The kids went crazy when the film star appeared 那位影星一出场,孩子们欣喜若狂。
⑤若主句与从句表示的是两个几乎同时发生的短暂性动作,含有类似汉语“刚要…就…/正要…却…”的意思,英语一般要用as或用when,且此时通常连用副词just。just as和just when强调“正当…”之时,另一件事发生。
例:The phone rang just as I was leaving. 我正要离开,电话铃就响了起来。
He leapt onto the train just as it was pulling away. 他在火车正要开动时跳了上去。
A visitor arrived just as we were setting out for the airport. 我们正要前往机场时来了一位客人。
I caught him just when/as he was leaving the building.
他正要离开大楼的时候,我把他截住了。
Just as/when the two men were leaving, a message arrived.
就在这两个人要离开的时候,突然有了消息。
Just as/Just
when/When I stopped my car, a
man came up to me.
就在我停车的时候,一个男人向我走来。
Just
when I needed the ladder,
I found that you had lent it to our neighbor.
我正需要用梯子的时候, 发现你已经借给了邻居。
⑥as和when后均可直接跟一个名词,构成省略从句,但while不可这样用。
例:As/When (he was) a boy, he lived in Japan. 他小时候生活在日本。
He was fond of drawing when (he was) a child. 他还是个孩子时就喜欢画画。
Even as (he was) a young man he was up to his neck in crime. 他年轻时即已恶贯满盈。
When/As (she was) a girl, she could climb tall trees. 当她是个少女的时候, 能够爬上很高的树。
⑦as和while所导从句虽然都可用来指一段时间,但as强调主句与从句表示的动作同时发生,而while强调主句所表动作是在while从句动作延续中发生。
例:As my mother sang those old songs, tears ran down her cheeks. 【“唱歌”、“流泪”两动作同时进行】
当我妈妈唱起那些老歌时,眼泪顺着她的脸颊流了下来。
He came in while I was reading an interesting book in my room. 【“进来”在“阅读”过程中发生】
他进来的时候,我正在我的房间里看一本有趣的书。
⑧当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前,只能用when引导这个从句,不可用as或while。
例:When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 当你完成了你的工作,就可以休息一下。
I will go
home when he comes
back.
We will discuss the problem tomorrow when you calm down. 等你明天平静下来,我们再讨论这个问题.
⑨when和while后面可接介词短语、现在分词或形容词等构成省略从句,但as一般不这样用。
例:When/While (you were) in trouble, ask her for help. 你遇到麻烦的时候就去找她帮忙吧。
The baby fell asleep quickly while/when (he was) listening to the lullaby. 听着催眠曲,宝宝很快就入睡了.
You must study hard while (you are) young, or you will regret when (you are) old.
你趁年轻时必须努力学习,不然到老了你会后悔的。
⑩while有时可以用作并列连词,意“而/却”暗示对比,而并列连词when意“这时(突然)”,不表对比。
比较:I was just about to go to bed when I heard a knock on the door. 我正要睡觉,听见有人敲门。【突然】
One person may like to spend his vacation at the seashore, while another may prefer the mountains.
一个人会喜欢在海滨度假,而另一个人会喜欢在山里度假。【对比】
The children were running to move the bag of rice when they heard the sound of a motor bike.
孩子们正要跑过去搬开那袋米,这时他们听到了摩托车的声音。 【此类when从句无对比含义】
She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
他以为我在谈她女儿,然而,实际上在谈论我女儿。【表转折,对比,when或as都不能代替它】
例:He likes coffee, while she likes tea. 他喜欢咖啡,而她却喜欢茶。【while前后形成对比】
You like sports, while I prefer music. 你喜欢体育,而我更喜欢音乐。
He is strong while his brother is weak. 他长得很结实,而他弟弟却很瘦弱。
I like playing football while you like playing basketball. 我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。
Some people waste food while others haven’t enough. 有些人浪费粮食,然而有些人却吃不饱。
(未完待续)