英语宾语从句㈡

取录自《语自学参考系列·句法手册》 第五章 英语复合句并列句（简写版） 第一节 名词性从句㈣

编者  川竹 樑翁

（续前：二、主语从句和宾语从句  2宾语从句  ⑵可用it做形式宾语的动词）

⑶不可省略的宾从连词that

从属连词that引导主语从句或表语从句的时候，通常不省略；可是that引导宾语从句时，它在从句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去。

例：I know (that) she is under thirty. 我知道她不到三十岁。

She said (that) she didn’t want to know. 她说她不想知道。

I don’t think (that) she’s interested in it. 我想她对这事没有兴趣。

I think (that) Diana will pass the exam. 我想戴安娜考试会及格的。

She says (that) she is coming to London next week. 她说她下周要来伦敦。

 

然而，在以下几种特殊情况下，引导宾语从句的连词that却不能省略。

①在英式英语，动词add(补充)、agree(同意)、announce(宣布)、argue(坚决主张)、assume(假设)、complain(抱怨)、decide(决定)、hold(保留／赞同)、indicate(标示)、insist(坚持／坚决认为)、intend(打算)、learn(学会／得知)、promise(承诺)、point out(指出)、remark(评论)、state(陈述)、suggest(建议)等之后的宾语从句的引导词that需保留。

例：She said goodbye and added that she would send us some pictures. 他说了声再见,并说要寄相片给我们。

They are all agreed that his argument is convincing. 他们一致认为他的论据／议论／辩论令人信服。

Jonathan announced that he had found a new job. 乔纳森宣布他已经找到新工作。

He argued that the law was unduly restrictive. 他辩称法律的约束性有些过分了。

Hitler must have assumed that we were all in collusion. 希特勒必定猜到我们是串通好了的。

The soldiers complained that they were getting short rations. 士兵们抱怨他们得到的配给不够数。

He decided that she couldn’t pass the examination this time. 他断定这次考试她不会及格。

We hold that their proposal is just and reasonable. 我们认为他们的建议是合情合理的。

My car’s gas gauge indicated that there was little gas left. 我车上的汽油表显示剩下的油不多了。

Some experts insist that government land assignments should be forbidden. 一些专家坚持禁止政府分配土地。

He intended that his son should inherit his business. 他打算让他的儿子继承他的生意。

His heart swelled up when he learned that he had won the prize. 当他知道他已获奖时,心里很自豪。

He promised that the murder would not go unpunished. 他保证不会让凶手逍遥法外。

He pointed out that there was little chance of success. 他指出很少有成功的机会。

Mrs. Morse remarked that she seemed a very nice girl. 莫斯太太评论说她像是个好女孩。

He stated that he had never seen the accused man. 他说他从未见过被告。

The teacher suggested that I write him direct. 老师建议我直接写信给他。

 

②及物动词后跟有两个或两个以上的宾语从句并列使用时，即使省略了第一个从句的引导词that，后面的that也不可省略。

例：I realize that I’m in charge and that everybody accepts my leadership. 我意识到，我负责，大家接受我的领导。

Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened. 大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道汤姆非常害怕。

He said (that) he couldn’t tell you right away and that you wouldn’t understand.

他说他不能马上告诉你，你是不会理解的。

He said (that) it wasn’t his business and that the government should do something about it.

他说这不关他的事，而是政府应该对这事想点办法。

 

③以it作形式宾语的宾语从句引导词that不可省——动词find、feel、consider、make、believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候，需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置，这样的that不可省略。

例：I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯。

I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together. 我没去聚会，感觉非常遗憾。

I thought it certain that they would be late. 我肯定他们要迟到。

I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day. 我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的。

I found it flattering that he still recognized me after all these years. 过了这么多年他还认得我，使我觉得荣幸。

We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater.

我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要。

We all believed it unimaginable that he had lived alone on a deserted island for so long.

我们都觉得他在渺无人迹的荒岛上住这么久是不可想象的。

We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open door to the outside world.

打开国门，实行开放，我们认为这是绝对必要的。

 

④当that从句与动词被其它词语隔开【如有插入语或主句状语等】之时，that一般不宜省略，以免造成语义混乱。

例：They told us once again that the situation was serious. 他们又一次告诉我们说形势严峻。

We learned at school that everything we see and touch is matter.

我们在学校学习我们所看见和接触到的一切事物，都具有其重要性。

We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period.

我们决定，鉴于他的特殊情况，我们会给他一段试用期。

The secretary said, pleasantly and sternly, that our thinking was too slow to suit the needs of modern society.

书记和蔼而严肃地说，我们的思维太迟缓而不能适应现代社会的需要。

The dealer told me how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that I could have the money without delay.

那个商人告诉我，他准备出多少钱买我的汽车，并说我会立即收到款。

 

⑤与主句状语紧跟在主句谓语之后一样，当that从句的状语紧跟在that之后时，that不可省略。

例：They told us that once again the situation was serious. 他们告诉我们，形势再度严峻起来。

【试比较：They told us once again that the situation was serious.此once again为主句状语】

They promised that shortly the money would be forthcoming. 他们承诺钱很快就会到位。

They learned that even in times of war, love can conquer all. 他们学到了即便在战争时期, 爱仍能战胜一切.

 

⑥当that从句中含有一个状语从句【即that宾从是个复合句】，且这个状语从句在其主句之前时，that不可省略。

例：She has decided that when she grows up, she will be a doctor. 她已决定等她长大了将要当个医生。

Mr Parker understands that unless he pays back the debt, he’ll have to appear in court.

帕克先生明白，如果他不还清债务，他将会被控出庭。

比较下面各译句中的that：

a). 她答应要是谁找到他的儿子，她会给他一大笔钱。

正：She promised (that) she would give him a lot of money if anyone found her son.

正：She promised that if anyone found her son she would give him a lot of money

误：*She promised if anyone found her son she would give him a lot of money

b).他说等他妻子回来，他就离开。

正：He said (that) he would leave when his wife came back.

正：He said that when his wife came back he would leave.

误：*He said when his wife came back he would leave.

c).她在信上说她爱我。

正：She said (that) she loved me in the letter.

正：She said in the letter that she loved me.

误：*She said in the letter she loved me.

 

⑦当为了强调，把that引导的宾语从句移位于句首时，that不能省略。

例：That she is a good girl I know. 她是一个好姑娘，我是知道的。

That she ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe. 他曾说过这样的话，我简直不相信。

 

⑧在简短答语中，当that从句单独出现时，that不可省略。

例：—What did he say at the meeting? 他在会上说了些什么？

—(He said) That the situation was serious.  (他说)情况很严重。

 

⑨当that从句用作but、except、in等介词的宾语时，that不可省略。

例：I do not doubt but that he can recite it. 我相信他能把它背下来。

She would have fallen but that I caught her. 如果不是我抓住她,她就会跌倒了。

He is very clevery except that he is a poor speaker. 除了不善词令外他是很聪明的。

Except that he speaks too fast, he is an excellent teacher. 他是个优秀教师,只是讲话太快了。

I know nothing about him except that he is from the south. 我对他一无所知，只知道他是南方人。

He differs from us in that he dislikes most games. 他跟我们不同的地方是大部分娱乐他都不喜欢。

Job had an advantage over his mother in that he knew Spanish. 乔布因为懂西班牙语而比他母亲占有优势。

Would you spread the news about that he is coming? 请你宣布一下他要来的消息好吗?

 

⑩正式文体中，引导宾语从句的that，一般不宜省略。

例：For years, villagers believed that Endley Farm was haunted.

多年来, 村民们一直认为恩得利农场在闹鬼. 【选自《新概念英语第三册》】

The bright flowers and warm winds announced that spring was here.

鲜艳的花朵和暖和的风已表明春天到了. 【选自《简明英汉词典》】

He believed that his present superiority guaranteed his future victory.

他相信现在的优越可以保障将来的胜利。【选自《骆驼祥子》】

It is hereby announced that there will be a talk on the international situation in the auditorium at 3 on Saturday afternoon.

定于星期六下午3点在礼堂举行国际形势报告会,特此通知. 【选自《现代汉英综合大词典》】

  （未完待续）