反意问句中的附加疑问㈡
(2013-10-03 11:59:12)
标签:
英语句法反意疑问句教育 |
反意问句中的附加疑问㈡
录自《自学参考系列手册·句法手册》第三章 英语各种功能句(简写版)
第五节
编者
(续前:1.变化多端的tag question ⑵反意疑问句中的have)
⑶含情态动词的反意问句——其tag question的变化得视具体情况而定。
①在通常情况下,当陈述部分含有情态动词时,在附加问句中只需反向重复就可以了。
例:You can solve the problem, can’t you? 你能解决这个问题,不是吗?
The boy can’t read and write, can he? 这个男孩还不会读写,是吗?
You couldn’t lend me any money, could you? 你不会借钱给我,对吗?
We shouldn’t help him, should we? 我们不应该帮助他,对吗?
You should come here in your proper person tomorrow, shouldn’t you?
②情态动词must表示“必须/有必要”时,附加问句采用如下反向重复:mustn’t/needn’t。
例:You must leave at once, mustn’t/needn’t you?
He must deal with many difficulties, mustn’t he?
She must work hard at physics, mustn’t she?
You must
write the letter with a pen, needn’t you?
They must clean the floor after
school, mustn’t/needn’t they?
We must start early tomorrow,
needn’t we?
③若must表示推测【通常为must be】,意为“一定/准是”时,其附加部分不能用must,而应根据其推测的情况依主语来确定用be的适当形式反意问句。
例:You must
be tired, aren’t you?
Tom must be at home? isn’t he?
The story must be true, isn’t it?
The food must be good, isn’t it?
It must
be going to rain
tomorrow, won’t
it?
He must be good at English, isn’t he? 他英语一定学得很好,是吗?
She must be a good English teacher, isn’t she? 她一定是位优秀的英语老师,是吗?
④当must have done【must +完成式】表示对过去的情况进行推测【一般句中有明确的过去时间状语】,疑问部分要根据陈述部分谓语的情况用“didn’t +主语”或“wasn’t/weren’t +主语”;如果是强调动作的完成【一般没有明确的过去时间状语】,附加问句则要用“haven’t/hasn’t +主语”。
例:He must
have finished it yesterday, didn’t he?
He must
have left yesterday
morning, didn’t
he?
She must
have read the novel last week, didn’t she?
He must
have earned a large sum of money last year, didn’t he?
You must have been to Beijing, haven’t you?
You must
have told her about it, haven’t you?
He must have waited there for a long time, hasn’t he? 他一定在那儿等了好长时间了,是不是?
The thief must have entered by the rear
door, haven’t
he?
You must
have studied English for three years, haven’t you?
⑤must的否定式mustn’t表示“禁止/不准许/不可以”的意思时,附加问句用must。
例:You mustn’t laugh, must you?
You mustn’t do that again, must you?
You mustn’t stop your car here,
must you?
You mustn’t make any noise here,
must you?
⑥当陈述部分含有may(可以/可能)时,其反意问句根据情况可以用mayn’t、mightn’t或won’t等。
例:I may
leave now, mayn’t
I?
She may be engaged, mayn’t she?. 她可能正有事忙着哩,是吧?
He may
be here next week, mightn’t/won’t he?
Your father may not come back on time, may he?
⑦跟must一样,陈述句中是“may/might+have+P.P.”【即情态动词+完成式】表示推测时,若句中带明显的过去时间状语,附加疑问句谓语用反向的过去式助动词did/n’t;若句中没有明显的过去时间状语,附加疑问句谓语用反向的现在完成式助动词havn’t或hasn’t。
例:He is not here; he may have
gone home, hasn’t he?
He might have left for Europe
for all I know, didn’t
he?
The dictionary may have been misplaced somewhere else yesterday, didn’t it?
那字典可能是昨天被放到别处去了,是不是呀?
⑧陈述句有情态动词ought to (应当),有两种附加疑问法:oughtn’t【英式用法】和shouldn’t【美式用法】。
例:We ought to buy a new car, shouldn’t we? 我们应该买辆新车,不是吗?
He ought to have been more careful, oughtn’t he? 他本该更小心一些,不是吗?
You ought to read this book, shouldn’t/oughtn’t you? 你应当看看这本书,好不好?
He ought to know what to do,
oughtn’t/shouldn’t he?
⑨dare(敢) 和need(需要)用作情态动词时,没有人称和数的变化,后跟动词原形;主要用于疑问句、否定句或条件句中。因此当它们用于反意疑问句中时,其疑问部分常用“dare/need+主语?”
例:She dare not say so, dare she? 她不敢这样说,是吗?
No one dare speak of it, dare he? 谁也不敢谈到此事,是吧?
He never dared peep again, dared he? 他不敢再作声了,是吧?
We need not do it again, need we? 我们无需再做了,对吗?
He need not trouble about that at all, need he? 他根本不用担心这个,是吧?
You needn’t do it yourself, need you?
You needn’t create about it, need you? 你不必为此大惊小怪,好吗?
He needn’t go home at once,
need/must he?
特别提示:need和dare还可用作实义动词
当陈述部分谓语动词是被用作实义动词的dare(敢)或need(需要)时,其附加疑问句需用do的适当形式。
例:He needs our help, doesn’t he? 他需要我们的帮助,是吗?
You need a pair of shoes, don’t you?
He needs your help, doesn’t he?
You need to rest from your labor, don’t you? 你需要放下工作休息一下了,不是吗?
He dared to ask the teacher many questions, didn’t he? 他敢问老师很多问题,是吗?
She doesn’t dare to go home alone, does
she?
He didn’t dare to look at her in the face,
did he?
None of them dares even mutter dissent,
does he?
⑷有半助动词的反意问句
英语中有些具有固定含义的词组结构,其功能介乎于主动词与助动词之间,语法上便将它们称之为半助动词(semi-auxilary)。常用者如:used to (过去一向)、had better (最好还是)、have to (不得不)、happen to (碰巧)、would like (想要)、would rather (宁愿)等,也常见它们进入反意疑问句。
①陈述句中如果有情态动词used to,附加问句须用did或used。
例:We seldom used to get up late, did we?
He used to sit up late, didn’t he/usedn’t he?
Tom used to live here, usedn’t
he/didn’t he?
He used to take pictures there,
didn’t he/usedn’t he?
She used to visit her uncle on holidays, didn’t she/usedn’t she?
She usedn’t to/didn’t used to play volleyball, used she/did she?
②陈述部分谓语含有have to 或其过去式had to (只得…),附加部分用don’t+主语或didn’t +主语;若陈述谓语含had better(最好是…)时,附加部分谓语一般用shouldn’t,有时也用hadn’t。
例:We have
to get there at eight tomorrow, don’t we?
They had to reinforce the center, didn’t they? 他们必须加强中央的权威,对吧?
You had better go now, hadn’t you? 你最好现在就走,行吗?
You’d better get up early, hadn’t you? 你最好早点起床,不是吗?
You'd
better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
You’d better put on your coat, shouldn’t you? 你最好穿上大衣,好吗?
We had better go right now, shouldn’t/hadn’t we? 我们最好现在就走,是不是?
We’d
better finish our homework first, shouldn’t we?
③当陈述部分的谓语动词含有happen to(碰巧)时,疑问部分谓语用didn’t。
例:He happened to be sleeping,
didn’t he?
You happened to see him yesterday,
didn’t you?
She happened to meet a girl in a red hat,
didn’t she?
④当陈述部分的谓语动词含有would rather(宁可)、would like(想要)时,疑问部分谓语用wouldn’t。
例:You would
rather go there early, wouldn’t you?
He’d
rather read it ten
times than recite it, wouldn’t he?
You would like to go with me, wouldn’t you? 你想和我一起去,是不是?
She’d like to depart on January 8, wouldn’t she? 她意欲 1月8日启程,是不是?
He would like to recover his position in
the company, wouldn’t
he?
⑸某些特殊否定表达的反意疑问句
①陈述部分带有绝对否定词如:no (否)、not (不)、none (没有)、never(从未)等,附加问句的动词自然要用肯定形式。
例:He has no sense of time, has he?
There isn’t anything particular, is there? 没有什么特殊的事,对不对?
It is none so good, is it?
The boy never tells a lie, does he?
Some plants never bloom, do they?
②陈述部分带有半否定副词,如seldom(很少)、hardly(几乎不)、barely (几乎没有)、 scarecely (简直不)、rarely(很少地)等,附加问句的动词也要用肯定形式。
例:He seldom comes late, does he?
The children are seldom ill, are they?
The girl hardly knows you, does she?.. 那女孩不太认识你,是吗?
He can hardly write his letter, can he?
She scarecely fell asleep all the night through,
did she?
He rarely comes here anymore, does he?
③若陈述部分含有带否定意义的代词如few(几乎没有【修饰可数名词】)、little(几乎没有【修饰不可数名词】)、neither(两者都不)等,其附加部分也须用肯定结构。
例:You eat very little recently, do you?
There is little ink in your pen, is there?
Few people understand the difference, do they?
Few word is best, is it?寡言最佳,对不对?
Neither is dispensable, is it? 两者缺一不可,是吗?
She likes neither, does she? 她两样都不喜欢,是不是?
④但a few与a little都意为“有一点”,具有肯定含义,附加疑问部分须用否定形式。
例:He made a few slips, didn’t he?
A few of you speak French, don’t you?
He speaks a little Spanish, doesn’t he?
She seemed a little doubtful, didn’t she? 他似乎有感到一点疑惑,是吗?
⑤含有否定前缀或后缀的派生词,如dislike、unfair等,其附加部分仍须用否定形式。
例:Li Ping dislikes maths, doesn’t he?
The girl dislikes history, doesn’t she?
She looks unhappy, doesn’t he?
He was an unfair judge, wasn’t he?
(未完待续)