例说英语句中半系词
(2013-03-29 00:01:29)
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英语句法系表句中 |
英语“主—系—表”句中的半系动词
除be和become之外,还有一些常常作行为动词使用的词,如look(看)、get(得到)、go(去)、grow(生长)、turn(转动)等,当它们表达的不是行为,而是一种状态或状态变化时,它们就成了连系动词。因为这类动词既可作行为动词,又可用作连系动词,即使作为连系动词,也还多少保留着一些行为动词的词义,当其用在“主—系—表”句型中时,便被称之为半系动词(semi-copula),简称半系词。
1. 英语中的常见半系词
1). become
成为
4). fall
变为
7). go
变成
10). look
看起来
13). seem
似乎
16). taste
尝起来
19). turn (转)
变成
特别提示:对半系动词的判断
半系动词简称半系词,除become较少用作行为动词外,其它大部因其主要作用是作行为动词,包括用作能够带宾语的及物动词,那么怎么具体判断所用动词的性质呢?
A半系词的主要标志——后跟形容词或起形容词作用的词语作表语。
B这类动词后面若出现名词,该名词是说明主语的身分或性状,而不是主语所发出动作的承受者,该名词便是半系词的表语【如become后之名词】。否则,如若名词是动作的承受者,那么这个动词是及物动词,该名词便是及物动词的宾语。
C半系词的各种人称、时态变化形式,与它们用作行为动词时一样。
D半系词的时态或否定变化,与它们用作行为动词时一样,需借助动词shall、will或don’t或其变体的帮助,如,The flower will smell sweet. (这花会很香)【将来时】、He doesn’t look his age. (他看起来和实际年龄不一样大)【否定式】。
2. 常见半系词之例释
⑴become
become与别的动态系动词不同的是,它后面可以跟名词作表语,而能以名词作表语的其它半系动词则很少。
例:He became a great man.
That custom has now become a rule.
The weather became warmer.
They became dizzy with success.
特别提示:become一般不用于“将来成为”的意思
如要说:我想成为一名钢琴家。只能说:I wish to be a pianist.
不能说:I wish to become a pianist.【错句】
⑵ appear
系动词appear与后面的seem或prove都有一个共同点:用名词或代词作表语时,在系词与名词或代词之间可加用to be。不用to be,是名词或代词作表语;如若用了to be,这个带表语的to be便整个成了be的不定式形式作表语。
①appear +形容词
例:He appears quite old.
Their conversation appeared to him thoroughly dull. 他们的谈话在他听来非常没意思。
②appear +不定式【包括to be,to be也可不用】
例:They appear to have misunderstood
me.
It appears (to be) a true story.
③appear +介词短语等【仅少数固定搭配】
例:She appears on the stage. 她初次登台演出。
He tried to appear at his ease.
④It +appear +that-clause【that从句】 好象;觉得
It appears to me
that…
It appears not. 看来不像是这么一回事。
例:It appears that she will win.
It appears that we must go.
It appears to me that you are all
mistaken.
⑶ come
例:His dream came true.
The screw has come loose.
He come to like the girl.
⑷ fall
例:Soon they fell asleep.
She fell ill and had to enter the
hospital.
⑸ feel
例:You’ll feel comfortable in that place.
I have felt hungry.
A baby’s skin feels smooth. 婴儿的皮肤摸起来很光滑。
The velvet feels soft. 那天鹅绒摸起来柔和。
⑹ get
①get +形容词:【get常用进行时态或完成时态】
例:The weather is getting quite cold.
We have already got ready.
②get +不定式/ 现在分词/ 介词短语
例:You will get to be friends.
We got talking and didn’t notice the
time.
It’s getting near tea-time.
⑺go
例:Fish soon goes bad in hot weather.
The milk went sour.
Her face went red with angry.
They often went hungry those days.那些日子他们常常挨饿。
⑻ grow
例:He grew old.
It was growing dark.
I grow to like the dog.
⑼ keep
例:She always keep cool.
Traffic in Britain keeps to the left.
Keep quiet, please.请保持肃静。【此为祈使句,省略了主语】
Keep off the grass! 勿踏草坪!
⑽ look
①look +形容词 / 带定语名词
例:She looks blue. 她神色沮丧。
He looked quite strong.
His brother looks a perfect fool.
②look +介词短语/ 过去分词
例:
You look in splendid health.
It looks like rain.
The girl looks like her mother.
You look worn out.
【worn是wear的过去分词, 原形wear out (v.)磨损】
③It +look +as if-clause
例: It looks as if that it would rain. 看起来像是会下雨。
It looks as if we are going to miss the
train.
⑾ prove
例:The rumor proved (to be) false.
The new typist proved (to be) useless. 新来的打字员终被发现是无能的。
He proved a very useful friend.
Our reference books proved insufficient. 我们的参考书显得不够。
⑿ remain
例:Her face remained expressionless.
The door remained closed.
He remains
faithful to the Party.
I remain yours truly.
Peter became a judge but John remained a fisherman.
彼得当了法官,而约翰依旧是渔民。
⒀ seem
①seem+(to
be)+a./+n./+Infi.
例:The green leaves seemed more beautiful after the rain.
He seemed(to
be)an honest man.
I seem to have seen him somewhere before. 我好像以前曾在什么地方见过他。
②It seems
that(as
if)…
例:It seems (as if) that it is going to
rain.
It seems that he is quite happy. = He
seems (to be) quite happy.
It seemed (that) mother knows that. =Mother seemed to know that. 母亲好像知道那件事。
It seems to me as if there’s a tap running somewhere.
我似乎听到什么地方有水龙头的流水声。
⒁ smell
例:The dish smelled good.
The flowers smell sweet.
This disk smells of garlic.
The house smells of paint. 这房屋有油漆的气味。
⒂ sound
例:This plan sounds a good one. 这个计划听起来不错。
The answer sounds satisfactory. 这个回答听起来还令人满意。
His explanation sounds all right. 他的解释似乎有理。
It sounds quite all right. 听上去挺不错。
⒃ stand
例:We stand in need of help.
I still stand your friend.
The
thermometer stands at
30℃.
The skyscraper stands 500 feet. 那座摩天大楼高500英尺。
⒄ stay
例:The window stayed open all the night.
He stayed single all his life. 他一辈子没有结婚。
She wants to stay ahead of the others. 【另一划法:to stay…是wants的宾语】
她想要保持领先地位。【stay ahead (of) (比...)领先】
⒅ taste
例:It tastes slightly sweet.
It tastes sweet (fine).
The juice tastes rather sour. 这果汁味道太酸了。
This sauce tastes of tomato.
⒆ turn
例:Everything turns topsy-turvy. 一切事都颠颠倒倒。
His hair turned grey. 他的头发灰白了。
He, his face turned pale. 他,他的面色变苍白了。
Both sisters turned doctors. 姊妹俩都成了医生。【turn的表语名词前不用冠词】
20. weigh
例:It weighs light. 它不重。
The golden headgeer weighs heavy.
特别提示:weigh后也可能跟状语
当不及物动词weigh后跟接的不是形容词,而是“数词+名词”时,则为状语。
例:It weighs 12 kilogrammes. 重12千克。
This box weighs five kilos. 这只箱子重五公斤。