1) by 表示“凭，靠”：

by skill 凭技术

pay by cash 凭现金支付

by appointment 凭预约

learn by rote 死记硬背

teach by example 身教

by invitation 凭请柬

by air 乘坐飞机

by hand 手工

by intuition 凭直觉

by analysis 凭分析

by all means 用尽一切办法

by no means 决不，根本不

by means of 用，依靠

by way of 通过…的方法

by arrangement 通过安排

by contrast 对比之下

by force 用武力

by road 乘坐汽车，由公路

by plane/train/sea

by one’s estimate 根据某人的估计

2) by表示“ 就……而言，按”：

by birth 按出身

by profession 按职业来说

by trade按职业来说

by nature 生来

by blood 按血统

by origin 就来源而言

by education 按所受教育

by religion 按宗教来说

by definition 根据定义

by night/day 夜间/白天

3) by表示“因……所致，由于”：

by chance 偶然，碰巧

by accident 偶然，碰巧

by mistake 由于错误

by luck 由于运气好

by design 由于谋划

by good fortune 由于运气好

by reason of 由于

by virtue of 由于，借助

by necessity 必然地，不可避免地