Unit  1

Task  1

【答案】

A.

1) She wanted to see St. Paul’s Cathedral.

2) She was so surprised because she saw so many Englishmen who looked alike.

3) They were all wearing dark suits and bowler hats, carrying umbrellas and newspapers.

4) Because she had often read about them and seen photographs of them, who all looked as if they were wearing a uniform.

5) No, he didn’t.

6) He used the English saying “It takes all kinds to make a world” to prove his opinion.

B.

If all the seas were one sea, what a great sea it would be! And if all the trees were one tree, what a great tree it would be! And if this tree were to fall in the sea, what a great splash there would be!

【原文】

Yesterday morning Gretel went to the City of London. She wanted to see St. Paul's Cathedral. She was surprised to see so many Englishmen who looked alike. They were all wearing dark suits and bowler hats. They were all carrying umbrellas and newspapers. When she returned home she asked Mr clark about these strange creatures. "They must be typical English gentlemen," she said." I have often read about them and seen photographs of them. They all look as if they are wearing a uniform. Does the typical English gentleman still exist?"
    Mr. Clark laughed. "I've never thought about it," he answered." It's true that many of the men who work in the City of London still wear bowler hate and I suppose they are typical Englishmen. But look at this." Mr. Clark picked up a magazine and pointed at a photo of a young man. "He's just as typical, perhaps. It seems as if there is no such thing as a 'typical' Englishman. Do you know the English saying 'It takes all kinds to make a world'? That's true of all countries-including England."

“Oh, just like the poem ‘If All the Seas Were One Sea’,” Gretel began to hum happily. If all the seas were one sea, what a great sea that would be! If all the trees were one tree, what a great tree that would be! And if this tree were to fall in the sea, what a great splash that would be!”

Task 2

【答案】

A.

1) people were much busier

2) colder than England; minus thirty degrees; last longer

3) much more mountainous; much higher and much more rocky; more beautiful 

4) tend to be more crowded

5) the houses; smaller

B.

1) T  2) T  3) F  4) F  5) F

【原文】

John is British but has worked in Japan. Etsuko is Japanese from Osaka, but she is studying in Britain. In the following passage you are going to hear, they are comparing life as they see it in the two countries. But before listening to it, think of the two countries and try to answer the following pre-listening questions.

John: I found that living in Japan, people were busier. They seem to work the whole day.
Etsuko: Yes, that’s right. We work from Monday through Saturday, even in summer. You know, summer in Japan is just horrible. It’s very, very humid and hot, and you need to shower three times a day.
John: So you find it cooler in England?
Etsuko: Yes, that’s right.
John: Where I was living in Japan, in the North, it was much colder than England, especially in winter, minus thirty degrees centigrade. Does the winter in Osaka last longer than the winter in England?
Etsuko: No, I don’t think so. December, January, February, March.
John: Yes. It’s a little bit shorter if anything.
Etsuko: Ever since I came here, I noticed that the countryside here in England is very beautiful.
John: It’s much flatter than in Japan.
Etsuko: Yes. Japan is a mountainous country and our cities are full of people. There are lots of people in a limited flat area.
John: Yes, I found Japan much more mountainous than Britain, especially in the north. The mountains are much higher and much more rocky. I found it more beautiful than Britain, I think.
Etsuko: Yes, if you like mountains.
John: And therefore the towns and villages tend to be more crowded.
Etsuko: Yes, that’s right.
John: Yes. So because the cities are more crowded, the houses tend to be smaller, don’t they?
Etsuko: Yes, they are very compact, and we don’t have a lot of space. In big cities we have a lot of taller buildings now.
John: Is this a problem because there are more earthquakes in Japan?
Etsuko: Yes, that’s right and…

Task 3

【答案】

A.

1) In the US, people usually dance just to enjoy themselves; they don’t invite other people to watch them.

2)      Usually eight people dance together.

3)      Because people form a square in dancing with a man and a woman on each side of the square.

4) He usually makes it into a song.

5) They wear old-fashioned clothes.

B.

1) F  2) T  3) F  4) F  5) T

C.

1) eight people form a square; on each side of the square

2) what they should do; makes it into a song; sings it

3) don’t have much time to think

4) old-fashioned clothes

【原文】

Rosa: Why don’t you have folk dances in the United States? Most countries have special dances that the people have done for many years. The dancers wear clothes from the old days. Everyone likes to watch them dance.

Steve: We have folk dances, too. A lot of people belong to folk dancing groups. But when they dance, they usually do it just to enjoy themselves. They don’t invite other people to watch them.

Rosa:   Is there a folk dancing group here?

Steve: I think so. There must be. There’s one in almost every city, and some big cities have several.

Rosa:   What are the dances like?

Steve: Usually eight people dance together, four men and four women. When they start, they form a square, with a man and a woman on each side of the square. That’s why it’s called square dancing. Then there’s a man who tells the dancers what they should do. He usually makes it into a song. He sings it while they dance.

Rosa:   Oh, that should make the dances easy!

Steve:   Yes, but they are very fast. They don’t have much time to think. I like to watch them, though. The dancers wear old-fashioned clothes. That makes the dances pretty to watch.

Rosa:   I’d like to watch a group dance.

Steve:   I’ll take you sometime.

 

Task 4

【答案】

1) It was a time to celebrate the end of winter and the beginning of spring.

2) They burned the picture of their kitchen god to bring good luck.

3) The custom said the brides must wear “something old, something new, something borrowed, and something blue” to bring good luck.

4)      Because they could not eat meat, eggs or dairy products during Lent, so they tried to use up these things before Lent began.

5)      It was a straw man made by children in Czech; it was a figure of death.

6)      People brought their animals to church. And before the animals went into the church people dressed them up in flowers and ribbons.

【原文】

1) On the evening of February 3rd, people in Japanese families took one dried bean for each year of their age and threw the beans on the floor, shouting "Good luck in! Evil spirits out!" This was known as "Setsubun", a time to celebrate the end of winter and the beginning of spring.

2) Before the Chinese Lunar New Year in the old days, many Chinese families burned the picture of their kitchen god to bring good luck. When Lunar New Year's Day came, they put ancw picture of the kitchen god on the wall.

3) When American women got married, they sometimes followed an old custom in choosing what to wear on their wedding day. The custom said the bride must wear "something old, something new, something borrowed, and something blue". This was to bring good luck.

4) Before Lent (a time on the Christian calendar), the people of Ponti, Italy ate an omelet made with 1,000 eggs. People could not eat meat, eggs or dairy products during Lent, so they tried to use up these things before Lent began.

5) When winter ended in Czech, the children made a straw man called "Smrt", which was a figure of death. They burned it or threw it in the river. After they destroyed it, they carried flowers home to show the arrival of spring.

6) January 17th was St. Anthony's Day in Mexico. It was a day when people brought their animals to church. But before the animals went into the church, the people dressed them up in flowers and ribbons. This ceremony was to protect people's animals.

 

Task  5

【答案】

A.

1) F  2) T  3) F  4) T  5) F  6) T  7) T

B.

Advantages	Disadvantages
Lots of servants to do the work	Terrible life for servants
beautiful clothes to wear	very uncomfortable clothes
lots of tea parties	boring and formal tea parties — often no men being invited
life being slower	much more illness
plenty of time to talk to each other	children left with servants all day
	very poor education
	no freedom for women

【原文】

Man: Well, I think life used to be much more fun than it is now. I mean, look at the Victorians.  They had lots of servants to do all the work; they never had to do any cooking or cleaning; they just wore those beautiful dresses and went to tea parties.

Woman: You must be joking! Their clothes were terribly uncomfortable and their tea parties were very formal and boring. They used to wear their hats and long gloves even when they were eating cakes and biscuits. And men were not usually invited.

  Man: Really? Weren't they?

Woman: And think of the poor servants. What a terrible life — just cleaning and cooking for other people all the time!

  Man: But you hate housework!

Woman: Yes, I know, but there are lots of machines now to help you with the housework. People don't need servants.

Man: Maybe they don't, but life then was much slower than it is now-people nowadays are always rushing, and they never have time to stop and enjoy themselves.

Woman: Life then was fine for the rich, but it was dreadful for the poor. There was much more illness. They didn't have the money to pay doctors, and they often used to die of illnesses that don't exist in England now.

  Man: Maybe. But people used to talk to each other, play the piano or play cards together. Nowadays people just sit in front of the television for hours and never talk to each other.

Woman: I agree with you about television; but what about their children? They left their Children with the servants all day. Children hardly ever saw their parents! And the clothes they had to wear! Horrible, tight, uncomfortable, grown-up clothes. Children have a much better life now than they used to, and schools and education are much better too.

  Man: I hate school.

Woman: And look at opportunities for women. In those days, women used to stay at home, play the piano, change their clothes several times a day and have tea parties. What a life! They didn't have any freedom at all. I'm very happy living now. I can work, have a career, do what I want to.

  Man: You mean you can work hard all your life like a Victorian servant.

Woman: Life isn't all tea parties, you know.

Task  6

【答案】

A.

1) b  2) a  3) c  4) a

B.

1) family unit; process; change; used to be; the extended; the nuclear 

2) job patterns; progressed; agricultural; industrial; forced; job opportunities; split up

3) traditional; family; expanded; other living arrangements

C.

1) mother, father, children, and some other relatives, such as grandparents, living in the same house or nearby

2)      only the parents and the children

3)      previously married men and women marry again and combine the children from former marriages into a new family

【原文】

The American family unit is in the process of change. There used to be mainly two types of

families: the extended and the nuclear. The extended family most often included mother, father, children, and some other relatives, such as grandparents, living in the same house or nearby. Then as job patterns changed and the economy progressed from agricultural to industrial, people were forced to move to different parts of the country for job opportunities. These moves split up the extended family. The nuclear family became more prevalent; this consisted of only the parents and the children. Now besides these two types of traditional groupings, the word "family" is being expanded to include a variety of other living arrangements.

     Today's family can be made up of diverse combinations. With the divorce rate nearly one in two, there is an increase in single parent homes: a father or mother living with one or more children. "Blended families" occur when previously married men and women marry again and combine the children from former marriages into a new family. On the other hand, some couples are deciding not to have any children at all, so there is an increase in childless families. There are also more people who live alone: single, widowed, divorced. Now one in five Americans lives alone.

Task 7

【答案】

A.

 

	Men	Women	Both
Study subjects like history or English			√
Study engineering	√
Go to university to get good jobs			√
Look for a good job because they want a good husband		√
Look for a good job because they want to be successful	√
Work for a lifetime	√
Work up to ten years		√
Get married by twenty-seven		√
Cook the meals		√
Look after the children		√
Go out for a drink after work	√
Come home by four o'clock in the afternoon		√

 

B.

1) c  2) c  3) a  4) b  5) c  6) c  7) c

【原文】

In Japan both men and women go to university and both men and women study the arts such as history or English. But very few women study science, medicine or engineering. In engineering classes of thirty or forty students, there may be only one or two women. Men and women both go to university in order to get good jobs: men want to work for a big company, be successful, earn a lot of money and support a family; women, on the other hand, want to work for a big company because they have a better chance of meeting a successful man and getting married. This is changing, however, as Japanese women begin to think about their own careers. They have began to take jobs which they like rather than jobs in order to find a husband.

    Men work for their whole lives and usually stay with the same company. A woman may work up to ten years, but after that she usually gets married. Most women are married by the age of twenty seven, then they stay at home and look after the children. A man does not cook or look after the children. When he comes home, his meal must be ready. The woman may go out in the afternoon, shopping with her friends or having a chat, but she must go back home by four o'clock to prepare the meal. Then she may have to wait a long time for her husband to come home. Often he has to go out for a drink after work: if he doesn't he may not rise very high in the company. After her children grow up, a woman can go back to work, but it is not easy. If her former company takes older women back, she might be lucky. But most women find it difficult to find a job when they are older.

Task 8

【答案】

A.

1) a  2) c  3) b  4) c  5) c  6) b  7) c  8) b

B.

1) T  2) T  3) F  4) F  5) T  6) F  7) F  8) F  9) T  10) F

【原文】

Matthew: Geth, how do people set about getting married in England?

   Geth: I suppose the most common way is still for people to go home. For example, people who live in London now will go back to their homes in the provinces where they'll meet all their relatives and their parents, and they'll get married in a church, with the bride wearing white, the traditional white. Then they'll go off and have a booze-up with their relatives and friends and a jolly good time will be had by all. Otherwise you can get married in a registry office, which means you turn up with your bride-to-be or bridegroom-to-be with two witnesses only. The ceremony takes about five minutes, I suppose. You sign the form and that's it.

Matthew: There are many today who say that marriage is a complete waste of time. What's your view of marriage in the twentieth century?

   Goth: Well, I live in London as you know. I think in London, the tendency is to... for a... boy and girl, man or woman to live together before marriage and often to live together without any prospect of marriage at all. I think this probably is... is true of London and the other big cities than elsewhere, because after all people in London are living in a big place where home ties are obviously less restrictive. They can do more or less as they please and I think this is the pattern.

Matthew: But do you think it helps for people to live together before taking their vows?

   Geth: I think in a sense the habit of living together before marriage may, in a strange sort of way, make marriage stronger, because after all the people will know each other better when they do get married and it might be suggested that divorce would be less likely between such a couple.

Matthew: Sue, you've been married for two or three years now. How's it working out?

    Sue: I think it's a successful marriage. It's... I mean, it's difficult to say why, because we basically suit each other very much. We have a good friendship, apart from anything else, and, you know, we just go together very well because we respect each other's freedom and individuality, but on the other hand we really need each other, you know, it's...

Matthew: What about.., have you thought of having children?

    Sue: Well, obviously, like most young couples, we have thought about it, but, you know, we both feel rather, sort of, loath to lose our freedom just yet. I think we'll probably wait another few years.

Matthew: Is it easy in England today to people to get divorced, or is that quite difficult?

  Chris: I think technically it's probably fairly easy, I think, because I'm not English but, I think technically it's fairly easy to be... to get divorced. But it's not just the technicality of it which is the problem. Divorce is... is a social stigma which people can probably Cope with to varying degrees, but it's also a lot easier for the man because the woman, after she is divorced is, in fact, frowned upon by... by a lot of people in society. She is... is... at a... a much more difficult social position in terms of... of meeting other men, or whatever, simply because she is a divorcee.

 

Task 9

【原文】

Social customs and ways of behaving change. But they do not necessarily always change for the better. Things which were considered impolite many years ago are now acceptable. Just a few years ago, it was considered impolite behaviour for a man to smoke on the street. No man who thought of himself as being a gentleman would make a fool of himself by smoking when a lady was in the room.

The important thing to remember about social customs is not to do anything that might make other people feel uncomfortable — especially if they are your guests. There is a story about a rich nobleman who had a very formal dinner party. When the food was served, one of the guests started to eat his peas with a knife. Other guests were amused or shocked, but the nobleman calmly picked up his knife and began eating in the same way. It would have been bad manners to make his guest feel foolish or uncomfortable.