北语留学  相约多元北语携手世界名校

北语留学英港澳规划师：Nicole

北语河南留学服务中心：河南省郑州市黄河路129号天一大厦2层

北语北京留学服务中心：北京市海淀区学院路15号教二楼509室咨询

电话：400 800 7322

官方网站：http://www.beiyuliuxue.com/

READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.
Questions 27-30
Reading Passage 3 has six sections, A—F.
Choose the correct heading for sections B, C, E and F from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i—xi, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.

Section A
1 The disappointing results of many conventional road transport projects in Africa led some experts to rethink the strategy by which rural transport problems were to be tackled at the beginning of the 1980s. A request for help in improving the availability（利用或获得的可能性） of transport within the remote Makete District of south western Tanzania presented the opportunity to try a new approach.
途径,方法(以前的解析中出现过)

【重点词汇】Integrated
/ˈɪntɪgreɪtɪd/ adj
an integrated system, institution etc combines many different groups, ideas, or parts in a way that works well
　 an integrated public transport system
　 a racially integrated community

Tackle:[Tn] deal with or overcome (an awkward problem, a difficult piece of work, etc) 应付, 对付, 处理（棘手的问题﹑
困难的工作等）: It's time to tackle my homework. 现在该对付我的家庭作业了. * tackle a problem head-on, ie boldly and vigorously 迎向困难着手解决.

Availability：利用或获得的可能性
Easy availability of jobs; lack of availability of clean water

2 The concept of 'integrated rural transport' was adopted in the task of examining the transport needs of the rural households in the district. The objective was to reduce the time and effort needed to obtain access to获得，接近essential goods and services through an improved rural transport system. The underlyingassumption设想, 假定was that the time saved would be used instead for activities that would improve the social and economic development of the communities. The Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project (MIRTP) started in 1985 with financial support from the Swiss Development Corporation and was co-ordinated 协调with the help of the Tanzanian government.

【难句分析】The objective was to reduce the time and effort needed to obtain access to essential goods and services through an improved rural transport system.
句子主干：the objective was to…reduce the time and effort.
needed to obtain access to essential goods and services 做time and effort 的定语 through an improved rural transport system 做句子的状语，表方式
译文：目的是要通过改进的乡村交通系统来缩短人们获取生活必需品和服务的时间。

【重点词汇】Underlying: underlying cause/principle/problem etc
the cause, idea etc that is the most important, although it is not easily noticed
　 the underlying causes of her depression
　 There is an underlying assumption that younger workers are easier to train.

Section B
1
When the project began, Makete District was virtually事实上, 实质上totally isolated during the rainy season. (第32题) (第39题) The regional road was in such bad shape that access to the main towns was impossible for about three months of the year. Road traffic was extremely rare within the district, and alternative means of transport were restricted to donkeys in the north of the district. People relied primarily on the paths, which were slippery and dangerous during the rains.

【重点词组】Rely on:
count or depend on sb/sth 指望或依赖某人[某事物]: Nowadays we rely increasingly on computers for help/to help us. 现今人们越来越依赖计算机协助工作. * I relied on you(r) coming early. 我指望你早来. * You can rely upon it that it will rain this weekend. 你放心好了, 本周末一定下雨. * She cannot be relied on to tell the truth. 别指望她能说真话.

2 Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to be understood. Little was known about the transport demands of the rural households, so Phase I, (第31题) between December 1985 and December 1987, focused on research. The socio-economic survey of more than 400 households in the district indicated that a household in Makete spent, on average, seven hours a day on transporting themselves and their goods, a figure which seemed extreme but which has also been obtained in surveys in other rural areas in Africa. (第33题) Interesting facts regarding transport were found: 95% was on foot; 80% was within the locality; and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and travelling to grinding mills磨房. (第34题)

【重点词汇】regarding [ri'gɑ:diŋ] prep. 关于,至于
例句:
He booked the holiday without regarding my wishes.
他不考虑我的意愿就把假日的一切都定下来了.
An arrangement between parties regarding a method of action; a covenant.
协定，协议几方关于行动方法的商定；协定
She said nothing regarding your request.
她对你的要求只字不提。

locality
/ ləuˈkælətɪ; loˋkælətɪ/ n position of sth; place or district in which sth happens 位置; 地点; 现场: trying to pinpoint the ship's exact locality 设法确定轮船的确切位置 * The entire locality has been affected by the new motorway. 新建的高速公路影响了整个地区.

Section C
1 Having determined the main transport needs, possible solutions were identified which might reduce the time and burden. During Phase II, (第31题) from January to February 1991, a number of approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access to transport.

【重点词组】in an effort to
They hushed up the scandal in an effort to save face.
他们掩盖了丑闻以图保全面子。
The burglar menaced Ken with a knife in an effort to escape being caught.
小偷以刀子威吓肯，以免被抓。

2 An improvement of the road network was considered necessary to ensure the import and export of goods to the district. These improvements were carried out using methods that were heavily dependent on labor. In addition to除...之外(还) the improvement of roads, these methods provided training in the operation of a mechanical workshop and bus and truck services. However, the difference from the conventional approach was that this time consideration was given to local transport needs outside the road network.

3 Most goods were transported along the paths that provide short-cuts up and down the hillsides, but the paths were a real safety risk and made the journey on foot even more arduous困难的; 费力的. It made sense to improve the paths by building steps, handrails and footbridges. (第36题)

【难句分析】It made sense to improve the paths by building steps, handrails and footbridges.
通过建台阶，扶手和人行桥来改善道路是有意义的。

make sense
讲得通,有意义,言之有理
例句:
It doesn't make sense to buy that expensive coat when these cheaper ones are just as good.
这些便宜的大衣也很好, 何必非买那件贵的不可.
Can you make sense of this poem?
你看得懂这首诗吗?
It would make sense to leave early.
早点离开是明智的。

4 It was uncommon罕有的 to find means of transport that were more efficient than walking but less technologically advanced than motor vehicles汽车. The use of bicycles was constrained 限制by their high cost and the lack of available spare parts. Oxen were not used at all but donkeys were used by a few households in the northern part of the district. MIRTP focused on what would be most appropriate for the inhabitants of Makete in terms of what was available, how much they could afford and what they were willing to accept. After careful consideration, the project chose the promotion of donkeys — a donkey costs less than a bicycle — and the introduction of a locally manufacturable wheelbarrow手推车.

【重点词汇】Constrain：to limit something 同义词：restrict
Poor soil has constrained the level of crop production.
Women’s employment opportunities are often severely constrained by family commitments.

【重点词组】in terms of
adj. 按照(依据,用...词句,用...来,通过)
例句:
In term of money, he's quite rich, but not in term of happiness.
就钱来说他很富有，但就幸福来说就不然了。
The figures are expressed in terms of a percentage/in percentage terms.
那些数字是以百分数表示的.
Staying up late makes him at his worst in terms of physical situation.
熬夜使得他的体力状况处于低潮.

Section D
1 At the end of Phase II, it was clear that the selected approaches to Makete's transport problems had had different degrees of success. Phase III, (第31题) from March 1991 to March 1993, focused on the refinement改良 and institutionalization制度化of these activities.

2 The road improvements and accompanying maintenance system had helped make the district centre accessible throughout the year. Essential goods from outside the district had become more readily available at the market, and prices did not fluctuate波动 as much as they had done before.

【重点词汇】readily

quickly and easily
　 Boats are readily available to visitors.
　 The information is readily accessible on the Internet.
quickly, willingly, and without complaining
　 Jack readily agreed to help.

3 Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the request of communities who were willing to participate in construction and maintenance. (第38题) However, the improved paths impressed the inhabitants, and requests for assistance greatly increased soon after only a few improvements had been completed.

4 The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing transport services were not very successful because most of the motorized vehicles in the district broke down and there were no resources to repair them. (第37题) Even the introduction of low-cost means of transport was difficult because of the general poverty of the district. The locally manufactured wheelbarrows were still too expensive for all but a few of the households. Modifications to the original design by local carpenters cut production time and costs. Other local carpenters have been trained in the new design so that they can respond to requests. Nevertheless, a locally produced wooden wheelbarrow which costs around 5000 Tanzanian shillings (less than US$20) in Makete, and is about one quarter the cost of a metal wheelbarrow, is still too expensive for most people.

5 Donkeys, which were imported to the district, have become more common and contribute, in particular, to the transportation of crops and goods to market. Those who have bought donkeys are mainly from richer households but, with an increased supply through local breeding, donkeys should become more affordable负担得起的. Meanwhile, local initiatives are promoting the renting out of the existing donkeys.

6 It should be noted, however, that a donkey, which at 20,000 Tanzanian shillings costs less than a bicycle, is still an investment equal to an average household's income over half a year. This clearly illustrates the need for supplementary补充的; 附加的measures if one wants to assist the rural poor.

Section E
1 It would have been easy to criticise the MIRTP for using in the early phases a 'top-down' approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of the district. It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants without the support and understanding of district authorities.

【难句分析】It would have been easy to criticise the MIRTP for using in the early phases a 'top-down' approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of the district.
本句为复杂并列句，It would have been …, but…..
前一个分句：It would have been easy to criticise the MIRTP for using in the early phases a 'top-down' approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities.
In the early phases 为时间状语，in which decisions…. 是a ‘top-down’ approach的定语。

Section F
1 Today, nobody in the district argues about the importance of improved paths and inexpensive means of transport. But this is the result of dedicated work over a long period, particularly from the officers in charge of community development. They played an essential role in raising awareness and interest among the rural communities.

【重要词组】Argue (with sb) (about/over sth) express an opposite opinion; exchange angry words; quarrel 争论; 争辩; 争吵: The couple next door are always arguing. 邻居的夫妇总吵架. * Don't argue with your mother. 不要和母亲争辩. * We argued with the waiter about the price of the meal. 我们跟服务员争执那顿饭的价钱.

2 The concept of integrated rural transport is now well established in Tanzania, where a major program of rural transport is just about to start. The experiences from Makete will help in this initiative, and Makete District will act as a reference for future work.

Questions 31-35
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet, write
YES
if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO
if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
31 MIRTP was divided into five phases. NO
32 Prior to the start of MIRTP the Makete district was almost inaccessible during the rainy season.YES
33 Phase I of MIRTP consisted of a survey of household expenditure on transport. NO
34 The survey concluded that one-fifth or 20% of the household transport requirement as outside the local area. YES
35 MIRTP hoped to improve the movement of goods from Makete district to the country's capital. NOT GIVEN

Questions 36-39
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A—J, below.
Write the correct letter, A—J, in boxes 36-39 on your answer sheet.

36 Construction of footbridges, steps and handrails D
37 Frequent breakdown of buses and trucks in Makete I
38 The improvement of secondary roads and paths G
39 The isolation of Makete for part of the year E

A provided the people of Makete with experience in running bus and truck services.
B was especially successful in the northern part of the district.
C differed from earlier phases in that the community became less actively involved.
D improved paths used for transport up and down hillsides.
E was no longer a problem once the roads had been improved.
F cost less than locally made wheelbarrows.
G was done only at the request of local people who were willing to lend a hand.
H was at first considered by MIRTP to be affordable for the people of the district.
I hindered attempts to make the existing transport services more efficient.
J was thought to be the most important objective of Phase III.

Question 40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.

Which of the following phrases best describes the main aim of Reading Passage 3? B

A to suggest that projects such as MIRTP are needed in other countries
B to describe how MIRTP was implemented and how successful itwas
C to examine how MIRTP promoted the use of donkeys
D to warn that projects such as MIRTP are likely to have serious problems