New Words

A：companionship    the pleasant feeling that you have when you have a friendly relationship with sb and are not alone友情；友谊；交谊

e.g.:               They meet at the club for companionship and advice.

他们在俱乐部相会是为了联谊和寻求建议。

She had only her cat for companionship.

她只有猫儿做伴。

B：company              n. the fact of being with sb else and not alone 陪伴

e.g.:        I enjoy Jo’s company (= I enjoy being with her).

我喜欢和乔在一起。

She enjoys her own company (= being by herself) when she is travelling.

她喜爱独自旅行。

The children are very good company (= pleasant to be with) at this age.

和这个年龄的孩子在一起很开心。

a pleasant evening in the company of friends

与朋友一起度过的愉快夜晚

He’s coming with me for company.

他要陪伴我一起来。

keep sb company: to stay with sb so that they are not alone 做伴；陪伴

C：companion   a person or an animal that travels with you or spends a lot of time with you 旅伴；伴侣；陪伴

cheerful adj. happy, and showing it by the way you behave 快乐的；高兴的；兴高采烈的；

e.g.:        You’re not your usual cheerful self today. 你今天不像往常那样快快乐乐的。

turn your back on sb/sth: 转身背对某人；背弃，抛弃

adversity: (formal) a difficult or unpleasant situation 困境；逆境

e.g.:        courage in the face of adversity 面对逆境的勇气

He overcame many personal adversities.他克服了多次个人不幸。

distress: a feeling of great worry or unhappiness; great suffering 忧虑；痛苦；悲伤

kindness: 仁慈；善良；体贴；宽容

e.g.:        to treat sb with kindness and consideration 待人体贴周到

amuse: to make sb laugh or smile 逗笑，逗乐；to make time pass pleasantly for sb/yourself娱乐；消遣

comfort: v. to make sb who is worried or unhappy feel better by being kind and sympathetic towards them 安慰；抚慰；宽慰

affinity: a strong feeling that you understand sb/sth and like them or it 喜好；喜爱

admiration: a feeling of respect and liking for sb/sth钦佩；赞赏；羡慕

proverb: 谚语，格言

true to sb/sth: showing respect and support for a particular person or belief in a way that does not change, even in different situation忠诚的；忠心耿耿的；忠实的

e.g.:        a true friend忠实的朋友

She has always been true to herself (= done what she thought was good, right, etc.)

她一贯坚持按自己的信念办事。

He was true to his word.他信守诺言。

high: (usually before noun) 高尚的；崇高的

e.g.:        a man of high ideals/principles 有崇高理想/道德准则的人

sympathize ~ with sb/sth: 同情；赞同，支持

 

I.                   The 21^st Century Teacher and Teaching

21世纪的教师和教学

21世纪的教师与教学

 

What makes a great teacher?

是什么成就了一位伟大的教师？

什么造就了好老师

 

Research indicates that the best teachers possess two fundamental attributes: They know the subject matter being taught, and they enjoy children as human beings and love to work with children and youth. They enjoy the company of young people.

研究人员发现，好老师都拥有两个基本的品质：一是，他们了解自己要教授的内容；二是，他们把儿童当作常人来看待，他们喜欢做有关于孩子和年轻人的工作。他们喜欢与年轻人为伍。

调查显示，最优秀的教师具有两个基本的特征：他们熟知自己讲授的课程，并且喜欢把孩子当作成年人来看待，并愿意和孩子们及年轻人一起工作。他们是年轻人的好伙伴。

 

While these two attributes form the foundation of great teaching, there are also several personality traits that make teachers successful. These include enthusiasm (for learning and for learning activities), clear teaching objectives or sense of direction for their teaching, organizational and management skills (good teaching just doesn't happen spontaneously), and a solid sense of fairness and honesty. (young people can have a strong sense of fairness).

上述两个品质是形成优秀教学的根基，而同时还有另外几个个性特点让教师走向成功。其中就包括热情（对学习的热情，以及对学习行为的热情），清晰的教学目标或教学中清晰的方向感，组织和管理技巧（优秀的教学可不是自然形成的），以及强烈的公平、正直的意识（年轻人可能会有强烈的公平意识）。

尽管这两个特征构成了优秀教学的基础，优秀的教师之所以成功也有许多他们自身的人格魅力。这些特点包括热心（对学习和学习行为）、清晰的教学目的或者对教学方向的把握，以及教学组织和管理技能（良好的教学方法不是天生的），坚定的公正感和正直（年轻人会有强烈的正义感）。

 

Teachers of elementary and secondary school students have a slightly different focus and exhibit somewhat different classroom behavior. For children, the teacher must be attentive and nurturing and patient and caring almost to the point of parenthood. Teachers of adolescents must not be quite so "close" as teenagers do not appreciate coddling! Rather, teachers of adolescents provide guidance and advice about choices and most of all, point out the consequences of decisions both beneficial and harmful. Teachers attempt to get students to make mature judgments on their own and to understand the consequences of poor and of good decision making. Personal responsibility for older students becomes more important than with elementary school students who generally live and learn in a more protected environment.

小学教师和中学教师的工作重点稍有不同，教学方式也不太一样。对于孩子，教师必须像父母那样乐于给孩子以帮助，勤于培养，富有耐心和悉心照料。而对青春期的孩子而言，教师就不能那么特别亲近，因为十几岁的孩子并不喜欢溺爱！相反，青春期孩子的老师要对孩子们的选择以及所有的一切提供指导和建议，指出他们所作的决定所带来的好、坏两个方面的结果。教师应当努力让这些孩子们自己做出成熟的判断，知道好的决定和坏的决定会有什么样的后果。小学生的生活和学习环境通常都会受到更多的保护，所以，相比计较之下，大一些的学生的个人责任感就显得更加重要了。

中小学的学生略微有一些不同的兴趣焦点和展示稍微不同的课堂行为。对儿童而言，老师必须是专心的、有教养的、耐心和有同情心的。老师差不多是父母的身份。教青少年的老师完全没有必要去如此的“接近”，因为十几岁的青少年根本不对你的溺爱有一点感激！青少年人的老师宁可提供指导和选择机会的建议，特别糟糕的是指出选择的结果既有利也有害。老师尝试让学生知道，与那些在通常受到更多保护的环境下生活和学习的初级学校的学生相比，他们自己进行充分考虑的判断和理解变得十分重要。

 

Of course each teacher is unique and their "connection" with students, so important to motivating students, is often made in unique ways. These techniques are often described as a "bag of tricks" but really are superb professional insight, often gained through long experience, about what gets kids excited about learning in a particular content field or at a specific grade level.

当然，每个教师都是独一无二的，而对于激励学生极为重要的，老师与学生之间的联系，也经常是以一种独一无二的方式进行的。这些技术常常被称为“魔术袋”，但实际上它是针对如何才能激发孩子对某一个领域内所学知识的兴趣，或者如何才能让孩子们这种学习兴趣达到一定水平而形成的一种极高的职业性的洞察力，要通过长期的经验积累才能够获得的。

当然每个老师都有独特的和学生建立“联系”的方式。这些交流方式对激发学生积极性有独特的重要性。这些通常被称为“锦囊”却是真正的、极佳的职业洞察力的技巧，关于如何让孩子对特殊的学习内容或者在特殊的等级水平感兴趣。这些技巧是老师从长期的教学阅历中获得的。

 

Finally, students are moving targets. They are growing and changing constantly. Fourteen-year-old Susan in September is not fourteen-year-old Susan in June. So teachers must be flexible enough to sense the many developing changes in individual students and respond in a way that challenges but also supports them as they grow and mature.

最后一点，学生是不断移动的目标。他们在不断成长不断变化。十四岁的苏珊到了九月份就跟她在六月份的时候不一样了。所以，教师必须要具有充分的灵活性，能够感知到每个学生身上所发生的各种发展变化，并能够以一种既具有挑战力又能够支持孩子们成长、成熟的方式进行应对。

最后，学生终究是在不断变化着的群体，因为他们是在不断成长和变化的。十四岁时的苏珊在九月份和她在六月份时是完全不同的一个学生，因此老师必须要很灵活，充分认识到每个学生在发展中的变化，用相应的方式回应成长带来的挑战，并对学生的成长和成熟给予支持。

 

Teaching is demanding work requiring an alert mind and a high energy level!

教师是一种要求非常高的工作，需要有警醒的头脑和充足的精力。

教学时一份具有挑战性的工作，既需要灵活的头脑，也需要一定的能量。

 

How we teach?

我们怎么进行教学？

如何教

 

For a long time English education has enjoyed long debates about what we teach and where we teach. These issues remain important.

长久以来，有关于英语教育中我们如何教、在哪儿教的问题一直争议不断。这些问题一直就非常重要。

长期以来，人们在英语教学中一直喜欢长篇大论的就教什么和在什么地方教。这些问题至今仍然很重要。

 

But a focus on how we teach is a key to pupil success. Teaching method reflects and determines the values, skills and attitudes we want children to acquire. Creative teaching promotes pupil creativity. Group work promotes collaborative working.

但是，教好小学的关键却是以如何教为重点。教学方法反映了、也决定了我们希望孩子们能够具备的价值观、技能和态度。创造性的教学能够推动小学生的创造力。而团队工作能够促进工作协调。

但是我们如何讲授的焦点是小学生成功的关键所在。教学方法反映和决定了我们希望孩子们能够获得学习的加之、技巧和态度。创造性的教学提高了小学生的创造力，团队促进了协同工作。

 

The ways in which teachers achieve these tasks – to motivate, inspire, and support young people – are critical for the country’s future. The test of every policy is in the end that it supports the teaching and learning process. That is why our goal is a teaching force with the flexibility, the support, the training, the information, the leadership, the funds and the motivation to tailor educational provision to the needs of pupils.

要完成这些任务，激励、激发和支持年轻人，教师所采取的方式对于国家的未来是至关重要的。到头来，检验每项政策就是要看它是否支持教学和学习过程。正因为如此，我们的目标是构建一支具备灵活性、支持能力，接受了相关培训、了解了相关信息、具备领导能力、一定的基础和激励方式的教师队伍，提供满足学生需要的教育。

教师要完成教学任务的方法，如激发、鼓励、支持年轻人等等，对于国家的未来关系重大。最后每项政策的检验是需要教学和知识进程的支持。这就是为什么我们的目标要建立一支教师队伍。这些教师要能灵活地支持、训练、提供信息、具备领导能力，并有教育资金和热情为满足学生的需求提供保障。

 

Sentences:

1.  The plane could not take off because of the uncertainty of the weather.
因为天气状况不确定，飞机不能起飞。
由于天气易变，飞机未能起飞。

2.  The traveler suffered great discomfort because his shoes were too narrow.
这位旅行者因为鞋子夹脚而非常不舒服。
这位旅行者感到极为不适，因为他的鞋子太瘦。

3.  The misbehavior of a drunken driver resulted in a serious traffic accident.
醉酒驾车司机的不当行为导致了一场严重的车祸。
酒醉司机胡乱驾驶，酿成了一起严重的交通事故。

4.  The whole family was obviously unhappy about the girl’s injury.
家里所有的人都因为女孩的伤害而非常不快。
全家都对女孩的伤势感到不愉快。

5.  The twin sisters looked so alike that one was often mistaken for the other.
这双胞胎姐妹非常像，经常被人们认错。
这对孪生姐妹长得非常相像，以至常被认错。

6.  The old speaker did not seem illogical to most of the young listeners.
对于绝大多数年轻的听众来讲，这位年长的演讲者非常有逻辑性。
大多数年轻听众并未感到这位年长者的谈话不合逻辑。

7.  The team’s repeated failure presented no discouragement to the coach.
团队的反复失败并未让教练气馁。
运动队的多次失利没有使教练泄气。

8.  Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.
有志者事竟成。
世上无难事，只怕有心人。

9.  The scope of his knowledge is almost unlimited.
他几乎通晓各个领域的知识。
他学识渊博，几乎无所不知。

10.  Stars an unthinkable distance away from the Earth are invisible to the naked eye.
对于与地球距离非常远的那些星星，裸眼是看不到的。

离地球远的不可思议的星星是肉眼所看不到的。

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