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【英语发音的本质】中古英语和元音大推移

(2016-06-14 17:28:46)
标签:

英语发音

本质

中小学生

中古英语

拉丁语

分类: 阅读理解

【英语发音的本质】中古英语和元音大推移

 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Great_Vowel_Shift.svg/700px-Great_Vowel_Shift.svg.png

初期的英语发音和德语几乎是一样,中古英语发生了“元音大推移(Great Vowel Shift)导致英语的元音发音产生了较大的变化。

The main difference between the pronunciation of Middle English in the year 1400 and Modern English is in the value of the long vowels.

中古英语和现代英语在发音上的区别主要在长元音。

Long vowels in Middle English had "continental" values much like those in Italian and Standard German, but in standard Modern English they have entirely different pronunciations.

中古英语的元音发音和意大利语和标准德语发音非常接近。

This change in pronunciation is known as the Great Vowel Shift.

这种发音上的变化称为“元音大推移”。

Middle English developed out of Late Old English, seeing many dramatic changes in its grammar, pronunciation and orthography.

orthography[C:5WC^rEfi]n.正确拼字, 正字法, 正字学(ortho+graph+y

ortho-[5C:WEJ]表示“直, 正直”之义

【希腊语】ορθογραφία  n. dictation, orthography, spellingορθο+γραφ+ία

ορθο-对应ortho-

γραφ-对应graph-

Writing customs during Middle English times varied widely, but by the end of the period, about 1470, aided by the invention of the printing press, a standard based on the London dialect (Chancery Standard) had become established.

中古英语的书写习惯差别很大,但是到了末期,借助印机的发明,一种基于伦敦方言的标准英语产生了。

This largely forms the basis for Modern English spelling, although pronunciation has changed considerably since that time.

这形成了现代英语的拼写主体。

Middle English was succeeded in England by the era of Early Modern English, which lasted until about 1650.

By that time, a variant of the Northumbrian dialect (prevalent in northern England and spoken in southeast Scotland) was developing into the Scots language.

Northumbrian[nC:5WQmbriEn](英国) 森伯兰(Northumbria)(人、方言) 诺森伯兰郡的(人、方言)north+umbr+ian

Umbrian[5QmbriEn]翁布里亚画派的, (意大利中部)翁布里亚(地区), 翁布里亚人的, 翁布里亚人(umbr+ian)

umbr-在拉丁语中表“阴影”。

【拉丁语】umbraumbra, umbrae n. f. shade; ghost; shadow;

英语单词umbrella是拉丁语单词umbra的指小词——通过增加指小后缀形成的新单词。

【拉丁语】umbrellaumbrella, umbrellae n. f. umbrella;umbr+ella

也就是说,很多中国小学生“背”的英语单词umbrella实际上是一个拉丁语单词。

我以为,法国人的几百年统治是导致中古英语产生“元音大变化”的重要原因。

The Norman conquest of England in 1066 saw the replacement of the top levels of the English-speaking political and ecclesiastical hierarchies by Norman rulers who spoke an Old French dialect called Old Norman, which in England developed into a variety called Anglo-Norman.

Anglo-Norman[5AN^lEu5nC:mEn]n.诺曼系英国人, 盎格鲁诺曼语adj.诺曼系英国人的, 盎格鲁诺曼语的

Norman thus came into use as a language of polite discourse and literature, and this fundamentally altered the role of Old English in education and administration, even though many Normans of the early period were illiterate and depended on the clergy for written communication and record-keeping.

古法语占有绝对优势,根本改变了古英语的地位。

Large numbers of words of French origin started to be borrowed into the English language, often existing alongside native English words of similar meaning, giving rise to such Modern English pairs as pig/pork, chicken/poultry, calf/veal, cow/beef, sheep/mutton, wood/forest, house/mansion, worthy/valuable, bold/courageous, freedom/liberty.

pig/pork,

pig[pi^]n., 猪肉, 贪婪的人

中古英语 pigge [小猪]

pork[pC:k]n.猪肉

源自 古法语 porc [],英语中把c变化为k,源自 拉丁语 porcus

【法语】porc[pɔr]m. 猪;猪肉;肥胖的人;好色的人;粗野的人;贪吃的人;猪皮

法语中的porc是拉丁语单词porcus去掉后缀-us

【拉丁语】porcusporcus, porci n. m. pig, hog; tame swineporc+us

-us表“阳性、单数”后缀

chicken/poultry,

chicken[5tFikin]n.小鸡, 小鸟, 鸡肉(chick+en

中古英语 chiken

poultry[5pEultri]n.家禽(poul+t+ry

poult[pEJlt]n.幼禽(poul+t)

-t-et的变化。

源自 古法语 pouletrie

【法语】poulet  [pulɛ]m. 小鸡,肉鸡;鸡肉;小宝贝;情书;书信(poul+et

calf/veal,

calf[kB:f]n.小牛, 小牛皮, 小腿

veal[vi:l]n.小牛肉, 幼小的菜牛(ve+al)

【法语】veau[vo]n.m.小牛,牛犊、小牛肉、小牛皮

注:法语中的eau表“水”,加上b就是beau(美)。

【法语】eau  [o]n.f. ;,,,池塘;饮用水;酒精液,蒸馏液

注:[o]是拉丁语字母o的读音,和汉语拼音中的o读音一样。把汉语拼音中的o读成wo是错误的。

【法语】beau  [bo]beau,bel,belle adj. 1.美丽的,漂亮的,好看的,优美的

beau后面加上-ty就是英语单词beauty

beauty[5bju:ti]n., 美景, 美好的东西(beau+ty

y变化为i再加ful就是beautiful

beautiful[5bju:tEful, -tiful]adj.美丽的, 很好的(beauti+ful

cow/beef,

cow[kau]n.母牛, 大型母兽

beef[bi:f]n.牛肉

源自法语boeuf

【法语】boeuf  [bœf]bœuf n.m. ,公牛;去势公牛;牛肉

 

sheep/mutton,

sheep[Fi:p]n., 绵羊, 羞答答的人, 胆小鬼, 信徒

mutton[5mQtn]n.羊肉, <</SPAN>>绵羊(mut+t+on

【法语】mouton  [mutɔ~]n.m. 绵羊;(供食用的)阉公羊(mout+on

wood/forest,

wood[wud]n.木头, 木材, 树木

forest[5fCrist]n.森林, 林木, <</SPAN>>御猎场(for+est

-est在拉丁语中表“存在”,请复习interest

源自 古法语,源自 中世纪拉丁语 forestis (silva) [在(森林)之外]

 

house/mansion,

house[haus]n.房子, 住宅, 库房, 机构, 家庭, 家族, 议院, 剧场(hous+e

mansion[5mAnFEn]n.大厦, 官邸, 公寓(用复数,用于专有名词中)(mans+ion)

【法语】manoir  [manwar]n.m.(中世纪领主的)小城堡 (地主的)庄园,邸宅m.小城堡, (中世纪)庄园(man+oir

mans-源自拉丁语动词manere的过去分词mansus

【拉丁语】maneomaneo, manere, mansi, mansus v. remain, stay, abideman+ere

 

worthy/valuable,

worthy[5wE:Ti]n.杰出人物, 知名人士adj.有价值的, ..., 可敬的, 值得的, 相称的(worth+y

worth[wE:W]prep.相当...价值n.价值, 财产

valuable[5vAljuEbl]adj.贵重的, 有价值的, 颇有价值的(val+u+able)

value[5vAlju:, -ju]n.价值, 估价, 评价, 价格, [], 确切涵义vt.估价, 评价, 重视(val+u+e)

【法语】valeur  [valœr]n.f.价值;价格(val+eur

【拉丁语】valeovaleo, valere, valui, valitus v. be strong/powerful/influential/healthyval+ere

 

bold/courageous,

bold[bEuld]adj.大胆的n.粗体

courageous[kE5reidVEs]adj.勇敢的, 有胆量的(cour+age+ous)

courage[5kQridV]n.勇气, 精神(cour+age)

cour-是拉丁语词根cur-在法语中的变化。这是因为法语的发音产生的变化。

【法语】courage  [kuraʒ]n.m. 勇敢,勇气,胆量;热忱,干劲,愿望(cour+age

-age相信您已经看出来,它是法语中的后缀。

 

 freedom/liberty.

freedom[5fri:dEm]n.自由, 自主, 直率, 特权(free+dom

请复习kingdom

liberty[5libEti]n.自由, 特权, 随意, 冒失, 冒昧, 失礼(liber+ty

-ty变化为-tas就是拉丁语单词libertas

【拉丁语】libertaslibertas, libertatis n. f. freedom, libertyliber+tas

【拉丁语】liberliber, libera, liberum adj. free (man);

注:拉丁语中的有几个单词liber(原来有长短音之分),其中有一个表“书”,在英语中变化libr-,英语单词library中用到。

library[5laibrEri]n.图书馆, 藏书室, 库(libr+ary

 

Word

Vowel pronunciation

Late Middle English
before the GVS

Modern English
after the GVS

bite

/iː/

/aɪ/

meet

/eː/

/iː/

meat

/ɛː/

mate

/aː/

/eɪ/

out

/uː/

/aʊ/

boot

/oː/

/uː/

boat

/ɔː/

RP /əʊ/, GA /oʊ/

This timeline shows the main vowel changes that occurred between late Middle English in the year 1400 and Modern English in the mid-20th century, using representative words.

 

The Great Vowel Shift occurred in the lower half of the table, between the years 1400 and 1600.

The changes that happened after 1600 are not usually considered part of the Great Vowel Shift proper.

Pronunciation is given in the International Phonetic Alphabet:[6]

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