拉丁语动词变化初探：二、动词变位概述

Latin verbs have four main patterns of conjugation.

拉丁语动词有四种主要变位。

As in a number of other languages, most Latin verbs have an active voice and a passive voice.

大概数拉丁语动词有主动语态和被动语态。

active voice主动(语)态

passive voice n.[语]被动式, 被动态

There also exist deponent and semi-deponent Latin verbs (verbs with a passive form but active meaning), as well as defective verbs (verbs with a perfect form but present meaning).

拉丁语还有异相动词和半异相动词——形式被动但意义主动的动词。还有变化不完全动词——形式完成但表现在。

deponent verb 异相动词(形式被动但意义主动的动词)

semideponent verb 半异相动词

defective verb n.变化不完全的动词

Sometimes the verbs of the third conjugation with a present stem on -ǐ are regarded as a separate pattern of conjugation, and are called the fifth conjugation.

有时，现在式词根带有-ǐ的第三变位动词被看着一种独立的变位，称为第五变位。

Conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from basic forms or principal parts.

变位是指在动词的基本形式或主要变化形式的基础上发生的变化。

basic forms基本形式

principal parts n.动词的主要变化形式

It may be affected by person, number, gender, tense, mood, voice or other language-specific factors.

动词变位受主语的人称、数、性、时态、语气、语态和其它语言特殊要素的影响。

When, for example, we use a verb to function as the action done by a subject, many languages require conjugating the verb to reflect that meaning.

例如，当我们使用一个动词表达一个被动的行为，许多语言需要通过动词变位来表达被动的含义。

In a dictionary, Latin verbs are always listed with four "principal parts" (or fewer for deponent and defective verbs) which allow the reader to deduce the other conjugated forms of the verbs.

在词典上，列出拉丁语动词的四种主要变位。读者可以据此推导出其它的变位形式。

These are:

1.     the first person singular of the present indicative active（第一人称单数现在主动直陈式——简化第一人称单数现在式）

2.     the present infinitive active（现在主动不定式——简称不定式）

3.     the first person singular of the perfect indicative active（第三人称单数主动完成陈述式）

4.     the supine or, in some texts, the perfect passive participle, which is nearly always identical.  Texts that commonly list the perfect passive participle use the future active participle for intransitive verbs. Some verbs lack this principal part altogether. （拉丁语动名词，有时是完成被动分词，它们几乎总是一样的。不及物动词则列出其将来主动分词。有些动词没有这个部分）。

supine[sju:5pain]adj.仰卧的, 掌心向上的, 懒散的, 向后靠的【语法】动名词：第四词形变化的不完全变形拉丁动名词，其句法结构十分有限，只有两种格，宾格形式为-tum 或 -sum ，独立离格形式为 -tu 或 -su 。其宾格形式有时被认为是这个拉丁动词的第四主要部分（sup+ine）