小学生认一个英语单词(leg),识20个德语动词(legen)
(2014-04-25 17:47:20)
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阶层忠告存款体重细想教育 |
分类: 练英语学德语法语 |
小学生认一个英语单词(leg),识20个德语动词(legen)
【德语】legen
德语动词legen相当于英语中的lay,它是由词根leg和不定式后缀-en构成。如果要记忆这个单词,只要记忆leg就可以了。英语中的leg也是一个单词:
【英语】leg[le^]n.腿, 胫, 旅程的一段
【英语】college[5kClidV]n.(综合大学中的)学院, (独立的)学院, <</SPAN>美>大学, <</SPAN>英>公学, 书院, 高等专科学院, 大学, 学会(col+leg+e)
col-=con-,拉丁语前缀,表“共同,在一起”,相当于英语中的with。col-是前缀con-用在l前的变化。目的是为了发音方便。
leg-=lect-,拉丁语词根,表“选择”。请复习elect, select, collect。
我以为,您只要掌握英语中的leg,也就基本上掌握德语中的legen(leg+en)。
注:德语中几乎所有的动词不定式都是以-en结尾。这样您就不用把它当成单词的一部分去“背”。
英语中,实际上也有大量的以-en结尾的单词。
强烈建议您认真掌握下面的动词:
listen[5lisn]vi.听, 听从v.听, 收听(list+en)
list[list]n.目录, 名单, 列表, 序列, 数据清单, 明细表, 条纹, [总称]各种上市证券
sharpen[5FB:pEn]v.削尖, 磨快, 尖锐(sharp+en)
sharp[FB:p]n.高调, 内行, 利刃, 骗子adj.锐利的, 锋利的
注:英语中的sh和德语中的sch都读[F]。
heighten[5haitn]v.提高, 升高(height+en)
height[hait]n.高度, 海拔, 高地(常用复数), 顶点
ei读[ai]-这实际上是德语中的发音,也就是中古英语中的发音。
-ght读[t],也就是gh不发音。小朋友们一定不要把单词的-ght再分解成g、h、t去记忆。
lighten[5laitn]v.减轻, (使)轻松, (使)发亮, 照(light+en)
light[lait]n.光, 日光, 发光体, 灯adj.轻的, 发光的, 明亮的, 浅的vt.点燃, 照亮adv.轻地vi.点着, 变亮
enlighten[in5laitn]vt.启发, 启蒙, 教导, 授予...知识, 开导, <</SPAN>古>照耀(en+light+en)
en-表“让,使”,请复习enable。
上面学习的动词都是-en结尾,这说明它们都是源自古英语。
另外,英语中有不少不规则动词是以-en或-n结尾,这其实也是保留的其在古英语中的动词不定式形式,只是原来的前缀ge-消失了。
我相信,小朋友们只要能掌握light,也就可以轻松掌握lighten和enlighten。
如果您能认识enlighten,请大概读一读:
“Enlighten the people generally, and tyranny and oppression of body and mind will vanish like evil spirits at the dawn of day”(Thomas Jefferson)
“普遍启迪人民群众,暴君和压迫阶级的主体和心智就会象魔鬼一样在黎明时分消逝”(托马斯·杰斐逊)
下面,请有兴趣的小朋友和我们一起尝试通过记忆英语单词leg再记忆德语动词legen并通过legen再认识一些德语动词。
This is a general view of the most important German prefixes.
The example is "legen" (to lay)
【德语】legen
Prefix |
Verb |
Literally |
Translation |
ab- |
legen |
to lay down |
to lay down |
ablegen 前缀ab-和英语中的ab-相当 ab-表示“偏离,脱离或离开”之义 |
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an- |
legen |
to lay by/at |
to attach sth. |
anlegen an-相当于英语中的at,to |
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auf- |
legen |
to lay up |
to apply |
auflegen auf-相当于英语中的on,out |
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aus- |
legen |
to lay out |
to lay sth. out |
auslegen aus-相当于英语中的out, from |
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be- |
legen |
to lay sth. on sth. |
to overlay |
belegen be-多数是把不及物动词变化成及物动词。 |
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bei- |
legen |
to lay at/by |
to add |
beilegen bei-相当于英语中的along with |
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dar- |
legen |
to lay there |
to point sth. out |
darlegen dar-相当于英语中的there。 |
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ein- |
legen |
to lay in |
to inlay |
einlegen ein-相当于英语中的in,down |
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ent- |
legen |
dis-lay |
faraway, outlying |
entlegen ent-相当于英语中的dis-“分离” |
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er- |
legen |
to achieve-lay |
to kill/ to conclude successfully |
erlegen er-相当于英语中的end(结束,完成) |
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ge- |
legen |
to be laid |
seated, situated, opportune |
gelegen ge-是德语和古英语中比较复杂的前缀 |
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hin- |
legen |
to lay there |
to put down |
hinlegen |
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nach- |
legen |
to lay after |
to put some more of sth. on |
nachlegen nach-相当于英语中的after,re- |
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nieder- |
legen |
to lay down |
to put down an object / |
niederlegen nieder |
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über- |
legen |
to lay over |
to think about sth. |
überlegen v. 考虑。思考。细想。认为(über+leg+en) über相当于英语中的super。 |
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um- |
legen |
to lay around/over again |
to allocate, also: to kill |
umlegen um-相当于英语中的down。 |
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unter- |
legen |
to lay under |
to put under |
unterlegen unter-相当于英语under。 |
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ver- |
legen |
– |
to be shy [adjective] / to lose [verb] |
verlegen adv. relocate, move to a different place, displace, transpose, shift, transfer; misplace, mislay, put in the wrong place; lay; publish, produce and distribute printed material adv. embarrassedly, in an embarrassed manner, abashedly, shamefully, sheepishly, with embarrassment (ver+leg+en) |
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vor- |
legen |
to lay previous to sth. |
to bring sth. before so. |
vorlegen vor-相当于英语中的before, pro- |
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weg- |
legen |
to lay away |
to put away |
weglegen weg-相当于英语中away, off |
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wider- |
legen |
to lay against |
to disprove |
widerlegen wider-相当于英语中的side。 |
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zer- |
legen |
to lay sth. in pieces |
to dismantle |
zerlegen |
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zu- |
legen |
to lay to sth. |
to put on / to buy something new |
zulegen zu-相当于英语中的shut, to。 |
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zusammen- |
legen |
to lay together |
to pool sth. |
zusammenlegen zusammen-相当于英语中的together。(zu+sam+m+en) |
Inseparable prefixes(不可分前缀)
There are some verbs which have a permanent prefix at their beginning.
The most common permanent prefixes found in German are ver-, ge-, be-, er-, ent- (or emp-), and zer-.
brauchen, "to need" – verbrauchen, "to consume" or "to use up"
brauchen
brauen
verbrauchen
raten, "to advise", "to guess" – verraten, "to betray"
raten
verraten
fallen, "to fall" – gefallen "to be pleasing"
fallen
gefallen
hören, "to hear" – gehören zu "to belong to"
hören
gehören
brennen, "to burn" (intransitive) – verbrennen, "to burn" (transitive), to burn completely
brennen
verbrennen
beginnen, "to begin" (no form without the prefix)
beginnen
The meaning of the permanent prefixes does not have a real system; the alteration in meaning can be subtle or drastic.
The prefixes ver-, be- and ge- have several different meanings, although ge- is uncommon and often the root verb is no longer in existence.
be- often makes a transitive verb from an intransitive verb.
Verbs with er- tend to relate to creative processes, verbs with ent- usually describe processes of removing (as well as emp-, an approximate equivalent to ent- except usually used for root verbs beginning with an f), and zer- is used for destructive actions.
Ver- often describes some kind of extreme or excess of the root verb, although not in any systematic way: 'sprechen', for example means to 'speak', but 'versprechen', 'to promise' as in 'to give ones word' and 'fallen', meaning 'to fall' but 'verfallen', 'to decay' or 'to be ruined'.
sprechen
versprechen
verfallen
Separable prefixes(可分前缀)
Many verbs have a separable prefix that changes the meaning of the root verb, but that does not always remain attached to the root verb.
German sentence structure normally places verbs in second position or final position.
For separable prefix verbs, the prefix always appears in final position.
If a particular sentence's structure places the entire verb in final position then the prefix and root verb appear together.
If a sentence places the verb in second position then only the root verb will appear in second position. The separated prefix remains at the end of the sentence.
anfangen ("to start")
1. Root verb in second position: Ich fange mit der Arbeit an. ("I start the work.")
anfangen
fangen
Arbeit
2. Root verb in final position: Morgens trinke ich Schokolade, weil ich dann mit der Arbeit anfange. ("In the mornings I drink hot chocolate, because afterwards I begin the work.")
Schokolade
A small number of verbs have a prefix that is separable in some uses and inseparable in others.
umfahren
1. ("to crash into sth.") – (stress on um)
Ich fahre das Verkehrszeichen um. "I drive against the traffic sign, knocking it over (um) in the process."
umfahren
fahren
2. ("to drive around") – (stress on fah)
Ich umfahre das Verkehrszeichen. "I drive around the traffic sign."
If one of the two meanings is figurative, the inseparable version stands for this figurative meaning:
übersetzen
1. Literal ("to ferry") – (stress on über)
Ich setze morgen auf die Insel über "I'll ferry over to the island tomorrow."
übersetzen
setzen
2. Figurative ("to translate") – (stress on setzen)
Ich übersetze die Geschichte morgen. "I'll translate the story tomorrow."
Geschichte
schichten