练英语、学拉丁语：Latin Verb Conjugation Paradigms

英语原文地址

Latin Verb Conjugation Paradigms

In the first part of these notes, rough translations are given for various forms of the first conjugation transitive verb amare (to love).

 

The reader is assumed to know the grammatical notions of person and number, so in most cases, we only work with first person singular.

first person singular第一人称单数

 

Subtleties of usage will be ignored, at least for the time being.

subtlety[5sQtlti]n.巧[微]妙; 敏锐[感]; 细微的区别; 难捉摸（subtle+ty）

subtle[5sQtl]adj.狡猾的, 敏感的, 微妙的, 精细的, 稀薄的(sub+tle)

源自古法语

联想记忆：

turtle[5tE:tl]n.海龟

 

at least adv.至少

for the time being adv.暂时

 

Caveat emptor!

caveat emptor[5kAvIAt 5emptC:(r)]n.[商]货物出门概不退换,买主须自行当心(货物的品质)

caveat  noun (formal, from Latin) a warning that particular things need to be considered before sth can be done: Any discussion of legal action must be preceded by a caveat on costs.

caveat[5keiviAt]n.[律]中止诉讼手续的申请, 警告, 告诫

源自 拉丁语 [使他知道]  [] cavēre的祈使语气动词 [知道]

 

【拉丁语】caveo：caveo, cavere, cavi, cautus v. beware, avoid, take precautions/defensive action; give/get surety; stipulate;

【拉丁语】emptor：emptor, emptoris n. m. buyer, purchaser;（empt+or）

【英语】empty[5empti]adj.空的, 空洞的（empt+y）

【英语】purchaser[5pE:tFEsE]n.买方, 购买者（purchas+er）

【英语】purchase[5pE:tFEs]vt.买, 购买n.买, 购买（pur+chase）

【英语】chase[tFeis]n.追赶, 追击vt.追赶, 追逐, 雕镂

【英语】case[keis]n.事, 病例, 案例, 情形, 场合, 讼案, 容器, (语法)格

 

In the second part of these notes, general rules are given for verb conjugation. These are rough in that there are some changes of vowels and vowel lengths that are completely ignored in this section.

 

Principal parts for amare, to love, to like

principal parts n.动词的主要变化形式

 

amo, amare, amavi, amatus. I love, to love, I (have) loved, loved.

amo是amare的第一人称单数现在式，对应英语中的I love。

amare是拉丁语动词不定式，-are是动词不定式后缀之一。对应英语中的to love。

您如果希望记忆amare这个拉丁语动词，实际上只要重点记忆am-就可以了。

amavi是主动完成分词(或称表主动的过去分词)，对应英语中的I loved或I have loved。

amatus是表被动完成分词（或称表被动的过去分词），对应英语中的I am loved。

注：英语中的过去分词既可以表 “主动的完成”又可以表“被动的完成”——也就是已经把表“主动的完成分词”和表“被动的完成分词”合二为一了。区别就在：表主动时，在主语和过去分词之间增加助动词have——也就是所谓的“完成时态”；表被动时，在主语和过去分词之间加助动词be——也就是所谓的“被动语态”。

因此，当您真正搞清楚了过去分词的作用就不用再考虑什么“完成时态”和“被动语态”了。

【拉丁语】amo 1 ：amo, amare  n. . love, like; fall in love with; be fond of; have a tendency to;

【拉丁语】amo 2 ：amo, amare, amavi, amatus：v. love, like; fall in love with; be fond of; have a tendency to;

Some verbs are impersonal, i.e., they only exist in the third person singular. (Example: miseret, miserere, miseruit, miseritum. It is a pity, to be a pity, it was a pity, having been a pity.)

有些动词是不具人格的，只有第三人称单数噶啊。

【拉丁语】miseret：miseret, miserere, miseruit v. it distresses/grieves me; I am moved to pity, I feel sorry for (w/me + GEN);

Some verbs are intransitive, i.e., they do not take direct objects.

intransitive[in5trAnsitiv]adj.不及物的n.不及物动词（in+trans+itive）

The fourth principal part of these verbs is either the neuter form of the perfect passive participle for verbs intransitive verbs which take an indirect object in the dative case, or the future active participle for other intransitive verbs. (Examples: asto, astare, asteti, astatum I assist, to assist, I assisted, assisted. sum, esse, fui, futurus. I am, to be, I was, about to be.)

拉丁语动词的第四种变化不是不及物动词的完成被动分词的中性形式（带与格的宾语，不是宾格的宾语）就是不及物动词的主动将来分词。

either or 不是...就是..., ...或...

passive participle 被动分词

active participle 主动分词

intransitive verb 不及物动词

 

Intransitive verbs which take indirect objects may have impersonal passive voice forms which are occasionally tricky to translate.

intransitive verb 不及物动词

passive voice n.[语]被动式, 被动态

带间接宾语的不及物动词有非人称的被动语态，这在翻译时有些棘手。

Some verbs are deponent which means that they are passive in form but active in meaning. (Example: misereor, misereri, miseritus sum. I pity, to pity, I pitied.)

deponent[di5pEunEnt]adj.(拉丁语语法)相异的, 词形被动词义主动的（de+pon+ent）

 

Infinitives(不定式)

The Modern English tense system does not quite correspond with the Latin tense system, particularly in certain uses of the perfect tenses.

correspond with v.符合, 一致

现代英语的时态系统和拉丁语时态不完全对应。

我的观点：古英语（源自古日尔曼语）中的时态则和拉丁语（和古日尔曼语都是源自古印欧语）是基本上一致的。也就是说，现代英语中的时态大大简化了。

 

But the following translations usually make a good first attempt.

Present Active（现在、主动）: amare to love, to be loving
Perfect Active（完成、主动）: amavisse to have loved
Future Active（将来，主动）: amaturus esse to be about to love, to be going to be loving

Present Passive（现在、被动）: amari to be loved
Perfect Passive（完成、被动）: amatus esse to have been loved
Future Passive（将来、被动）: amatum iri to be about to be loved, to be going to be loved, to be loved

Participles（分词）

Present Active（现在、主动）: amans loving
Future Active（将来、主动）: amaturus about to love

Perfect Passive（完成、被动）: amatus loved, having been loved
Future Passive（将来、被动）: amandus to be loved

Indicative Mood （陈述语气）

Present Active（现在、主动）: amo I love, I do love, I am loving
Imperfect Active（未完成、主动）: amabam I loved, I did love, I was loving, I used to love
Future Active（将来、主动）: amabo I shall love, I am going to love, I am about to love
Perfect Active（完成、主动）: amavi I loved, I have loved
Pluperfect Active（过去完成、主动）: amaveram I had loved
Future Perfect Active（将来、完成、主动）: amavero I shall have loved

The key distinction between the imperfect and the perfect in Latin is not the same as that between the past tense and present perfect in English.  (English usage here is idiomatic among the Indo-European languages.) 

past tense n.过去式

present perfect n.[语]现在完成时

 

In Latin as in many Indo-European languages, the perfect tense conveys a completed action (e.g. “I sang Tom Dooley yesterday.”) 

The imperfect tense conveys continuation or repetition or habitual action (e.g. “We practiced Tom Dooley for three weeks”.)

Note: perfect < perfectus (adj) complete, finished.  past participle of perficio, -ficere - to complete.

Present Passive（现在、被动）: amor I am loved, I am being loved
Imperfect Passive（未完成、被动）: amabar I was loved, I was being loved, I used to be loved
Future Passive（将来、被动）: amabor I shall be loved, I am going to be loved, I am about to be loved
Perfect Passive（完成、被动）: amatus sum I was loved, I have been loved
Pluperfect Passive（未完成、被动）: amatus eram I had been loved
Future Perfect Passive（将来、完成、被动）: amatus ero I shall have been loved

Subjunctive Mood （虚拟语气）

In a number of circumstances, the Latin subjunctive corresponds to special usages of the Modern English indicative. However, for other uses, the following suggestions may better fit the meaning.

Present Active: amem I may love, let me love, I should love, I would love
Imperfect Active: amarem I might love, I would love
Perfect Active: amaverim I may have loved, I should have loved, I would have loved
Pluperfect Tense amavissem I might have loved, I would have loved

Present Passive: amer I may be loved, let me be loved, I should be loved, I would be loved
Imperfect Passive: amarer I might be loved, I would be loved
Perfect passive subjunctive: amatus sim I may have been loved, I should have been loved, I would have been loved
Pluperfect passive subjunctive: amatus essem I might have been loved, I would have been loved

Imperative Mood（祈使式[语气]）

Active Voice（主动）

Present Active: ama, amate (second person) Love!
Future Active: amato, amatote (second person) amato, amanto (third person)

Present Passive: amare, amamini (second person) Be loved!
Future Passive: amator (second person singular) amator, amantor (third person)

Gerund and Supine （动名词）

Gerund: amandum loving (used as a noun) 作名词使用，这个和英语中的动名词相当。
Supine amatum to love

Supine：第四词形变化的不完全变形拉丁动名词，其句法结构十分有限，只有两种格，宾格形式为-tum 或 -sum ，独立离格形式为 -tu 或 -su 。其宾格形式有时被认为是这个拉丁动词的第四主要部分。

Approximate conjugation patterns for regular verbs

This section is intend mainly as a guide to the similarities among the different conjugations.

Where things tend to get more complicated is in vowel lengthenings (ignored completely in written Latin anyway) and changes before certain endings, especially the first person singular and the third person plural.

first person singular 第一人称单数

third person plural 第三人称复数

Stems （词根）

The base, the present stem, perfect stem, and the participial stem may be determined from the principal parts, as given by the following examples.

Conjugation I celo, celare, celavi, celatus hide
Conjugation II habeo, habere, habui, habitus have
Conjugation III rego, regere, rexi, rectus rule
Conjugation III-io capio, capere, cepi, captus take
Conjugation III-Ø fero, ferre, tuli, latus carry, bear
Conjugation IV audio, audire, audivi, auditus hear

ferre is usually classed as an irregular verb.

irregular verb 不规则动词

 

While it is unusual in form, it seems perfectly regular to me. (It was so regular, in fact, that I was able to produce the conjugation paradigm page for ferre from the conjugation paradigm page for capere using very simple global replace strings.)

The base and the stems are formed from these examples are as follows:

	I	II	III	III-io	III-Ø	IV
base	cel-	hab-	reg-	cap-	fer-	aud-	infinitive - ending
present stem	cela-	habe-	rege-	cape-	fer-	audi-	infinitive - -re
perfect stem	celav-	habu-	rex-	cep-	tul-	audiv-	perfect - -i
participial stem	celat-	habit-	rect-	capt-	lat-	audit-	participle - -us

Endings （拉丁语动词表人称和数的后缀）

Present Active	Imperfect	Perfect	Passive（被动）
Sing. Plur. 1 -o -mus 2 -s -tis 3 -t -nt	Sing. Plur. 1 -m -mus 2 -s -tis 3 -t -nt	Sing. Plur. 1 -i -imus 2 -isti -istis 3 -it -erunt	Sing. Plur. 1 -r -mur 2 -ris -mini 3 -tur -ntur

When attaching endings to the stem, the stem vowel will sometimes undergo a strengthening or a weakening. 

This results in some irregularities — especially in the third conjugation.

Indicative

• Active voice:
• • Present: Present stem + present endings
  • Imperfect: Present stem + -ba- + imperfect endings
  • Future:
    I,II: Present stem + -bi- + present endings
    III,IV: Present stem + -e- + past endings
  • Perfect: Perfect stem + perfect endings
  • Pluperfect: Perfect stem + -era- + past endings
  • Future perfect: Perfect stem + -eri- + present endings
• Passive voice:
• • Present: Present stem + passive endings
  • Imperfect: Present stem + -ba- + passive endings
  • Future:
    I,II: Present stem + -bi- + passive endings
    III,IV: Present stem + -e- + passive endings
  • Perfect: Perfect passive participle + sum
  • Pluperfect: Perfect passive participle + eram
  • Future perfect: Perfect passive participle + ero

Subjunctive

The subjunctive stem is obtained from the base as follows:

I	II	III	III-io	III-Ø	IV
Base + e	Base + ea	Base + a	Base + ia	Base + a	Base + ia

• Active voice:
• • Present: Subjunctive stem + past endings
  • Imperfect: Present infinitive + past endings
  • Perfect: Perfect stem + -eri- + past endings
  • Pluperfect: Perfect stem + -isse- + past endings
• Passive voice:
• • Present: Subjunctive stem + passive endings
  • Imperfect: Present infinitive + passive endings
  • Perfect: Perfect passive participle + sim
  • Pluperfect: Perfect passive participle + essem

Because we don't mark vowels, the future indicative and the present subjunctive for the third conjugation look pretty much the same. They differ in the length of vowels, but you don't see that distinction in written texts. According to Latino pro populo the similarity is not accidental.

The future perfect indicative and the past subjunctive also often look the same when vowels are not marked.

Imperative

• Present Active: Present stem + {Ø, -te}
• Present Passive: Present stem + {-re, -mini}