死背单词的学生基本上终身都学不会英语——Transitive verb（及物动词）

transitive verb 及物动词

transitive[5trAnsitiv]adj.传递的, 可迁[转]移的有转移力的，中间的;【物】过渡的【语】及物的（transit+ive）

transit[5trAnsit]n.经过, 通行, 搬运, 运输, 运输线, 转变vt.横越, 通过, 经过vi.通过n.[天] 中天, 经纬仪(trans+it)

trans-[trAns-, trB:ns-, trAnz-, trB:nz-]表示“横过，贯穿”之义

建议复习一下tree和train：

train[trein]n.火车, 列车, 行列, 后果, 顺序, 长队, 长袍(裙)拖地的部分, 导火线vt.训练, 培养

源自拉丁语 trahere的过去分词

注：英语单词中的tr实际上就是音标[tr]，一定不可以再拆解成t和r。

元音字母组合ai在这里只读其中的a[ei]。请复习rain, brain, grain, mountain，captain。

联想记忆：

translate[trAns5leit]vt.翻译, 解释, 转化, 转变为, 调动（trans+late）

源自 古法语 translater

您只要熟悉trans-，再记忆transit, transitive, translate这样的单词一定不难。

什么叫“及物动词”呢？

及物动词在英语中是“transitive verb”，简写为“vt.”。

所谓“及物”，就是后面需要直接加宾语的动词，有被动形式。

 

如see 看见 (vt.) + 宾语

I can see a boy.

这里的see就是及物动词，它有一个宾语“a boy”。

实际上，很多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。

举一个例子，如write：

I am writing.

和

I am writing a letter.

前一个句子中write是不及物动词，后一个句子中write是及物动词。

write[rait]vt.书写, 著述, 写, 写满, 写信给vi.写, 写字, 写信, 写作, 作曲

wr-表“扭、拧”，请复习wrist（手腕）、wrong（错误的）。

结尾的e不发音，倒数第三位的元音字母i发其字母音[ai]。

 

He's reading a magazine.

他正在读一本杂志。（单宾语）

 

Mr. Zhang teaches us English.

张老师教我们英语。 （双宾语：us是间接宾语，English是直接宾语）。

We often hear him sing in the park.

我们经常听到他在公园里唱歌。 (复合宾语，一个宾语，同时接一个宾语补语)。

2、 不及物动词本身意义完整，后面不需要接宾语。

The rain stopped. 雨停了。

What happened yesterday? 昨天发生了什么？

注意：不及物动词没有被动语态。

 

在日语中，“及物动词”叫“他动词”：

他動詞（たどうし、英: transitive verb）とは、典型的には、その節の中で目的語をとり、主語から目的語に向かう（あるいは及ぶ）動作を表す動詞。自動詞との関係も含めて、他動詞に関する言語現象一般を他動性 (transitivity) という（角田／Tsunoda 1991, 1999）。Hopper & Thompson (1980) は他動詞文と自動詞文は峻別できず、連続体をなすことを指摘した。

建议在认识“Transitive verb”以后大概地读一读：

Transitive verb（及物动词）

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A transitive verb is a verb that requires one or more objects in a sentence. The term is used to contrast with intransitive verbs, which do not have objects in a sentence.

intransitive verb 不及物动词

intransitive[in5trAnsitiv]adj.不及物的n.不及物动词（in+transitive）

intransitive是在transitive前加上否定前缀in-构成，一定不要再分解成i、n、t、r、a、n、s、i、t、i、v、e，不然，您至少30年（甚至终身）都无法真正解决英语识字问题。

 

Types（类型）

While all verbs that take at least one object are considered transitive, verbs can be further classified by the number of objects they take.

Verbs that require exactly one object are called monotransitive.

 

Verbs that are able to take two objects, a direct object and an indirect object, are called ditransitive.

An example in English is the verb to give.

There are also a few verbs, like "to trade" in the English language, that may be called "tritransitive" because they take three objects.^[1]

mono-[`mCnEJ]表示“单一”之义

di-表示“二次, 二倍”之义

tri-表示“三”之义

“monotransitive，ditransitive，tritransitive，ambitransitive”这几个单词在很多词典上可能查不到，但如果您已经掌握transitive并认识mono-，di-，tri-，ambi-这几个前缀就完全可以了解它们各自的意义——完全不用（也根本不能）背！

 

In contrast to transitive verbs, some verbs take zero objects.

Verbs that do not require an object are called intransitive; for example, consider the verb to die.

in contrast to和...形成对比［对照］

 

Verbs that can be used in an intransitive or transitive way are called ambitransitive.

ambi-[`AmbI] 二的，两方的：，ambiance,n.周围, 气氛

 

In English, an example is the verb to eat, since the sentences You eat (with an intransitive form) and You eat apples (a transitive form that has apples as the object) are both grammatically correct.

The valency of a verb is a related concept.

The valency of a verb considers all the arguments the verb takes, including both the subject of the verb and all of the objects.

In contrast to valency, the transitivity of a verb only considers the objects.

Other languages（其它语言）

Some languages distinguish verbs based on their transitivity, which suggests this is a salient linguistic feature.

For example, in Japanese:

授業が始まる。

Jugyō ga hajimaru.

The class starts.

 

先生が授業を始める。

Sensei ga jugyō o hajimeru.

The teacher starts the class.

 

Due to Japanese's lack of syntactic information for the grammatical function of a noun phrase, the verb needs to indicate the number of arguments the sentence can take.

noun phrase 名词短语

In the above example, the verb 始まる (hajimaru) is an intransitive verb, taking only one argument, and 始める (hajimeru) a transitive verb, taking two arguments.^[2]

However, the definition of transitive verbs as those with one object is not universal, and is not used in grammars of many languages.

 

For example, it is generally accepted in Polish grammar that transitive verbs are those that:

• Accept a direct object (in accusative in the positive form, and in genitive in the negative form)
  OR
• Undergo passive transformation

Both conditions are fulfilled in many instances of transitive verbs:

Maria widzi Jana (Mary sees John; Jana is the accusative form of Jan)
Jan jest widziany przez Marię (John is seen by Mary)