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中小学生练英语、学拉丁语:Latin Superlative Adjectives(拉丁语形容词最高级)

(2013-12-23 18:01:24)
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分类: 练英语学拉丁语

中小学生练英语、学拉丁语:Latin Superlative Adjectives(拉丁语形容词最高级)

 

友情提示:把英语单词拆解成各自独立的字母记忆是最愚蠢的学习方法。如果您是把superlative分解成superlative去“背”,相信您会感觉记忆英语单词是一件非常可怕的事情。

 

superlative adjective n. 形容词最高级

superlative[sju:5pE:lEtiv]adj.最高的; 无上的,【语】最高级的(super+lat+ive

如果您已经掌握super,再记忆superlative的重点就只是lat

lat源自拉丁语lās,就和natnās的变化一样。

-ive形容词后缀

联想记忆:

lative[5lAtiv]n.& adj.[]方向格()lat+ive

===============================

 

Latin Superlative Adjectives

How to form the superlative of adjectives in Latin

By N.S. Gill

 

Using a superlative form of an adjective takes the basic sense of the adjective to the extreme, so the superlative of "basic" would be "most basic."

to the extreme 极度地, 非常地

 

Identifying Superlatives

Latin superlative adjectives are usually easy to identify.

拉丁语形容词最高级通常很容易识别。

Most contain -issim- (e.g., suavissimus, -a, -um 'most charming').

拉丁语绝大多数的形容词通过增加-issim-形成最高级。如:suavissimus suavis的最高级。也就是说,如果您希望记忆拉丁语单词suavissimus实际上只要重点记忆suav-这部分就可以了。

【拉丁语】suavis 

suavis, suavis, suave

adj. agreeable, pleasant, gratifying, sweet; charming, attractive;

============================

If they don't have -issim-, they will likely have -llim- (difficillimus, -a, -u 'most difficult') or -rrim- (celerrimus, -a, -um 'swiftest') in them.

-llim--rrim--issim-的变化。请注意它们都包括-im

-issim-是在后缀-is后加-im时双写s形成。在意大利语中保留了这一个后缀,如bravissimo:

bravissimo[brB:5vi:si:mC:]<</SPAN>>int.太好了!好极啦!

您只要能掌握英语中的brave就一定可以轻松掌握bravissimo——brav+issim(拉丁语表最高级后缀)+o(意大利语表“阳性”、“单数”后缀,相当于拉丁语中的-us

brave[breiv]adj.勇敢的, 无所畏惧的。鲜艳的; 炫耀的。很好的; 极成功的(brav+e

grave[^reiv]n.墓穴, 坟墓adj.严重的, (颜色)黯淡的, (声音)低沉的v.雕刻, 铭记(grav+e)

 

-llim-实际上是在以l结尾的词根后加-im时双写l形成。而-rrim-是以r结尾的词根后加-im时双写r形成。

 

This double consonant + -im- precedes the case ending.

Translation of Superlatives

Superlatives are usually translated into English with -est or "most".

在英语中,短的形容词后加-est,长的形容词前面使用most构成形容词最高级。

They can also be translated with "very" or "extremely".

Difficillimus means most difficult or very difficult.

Difficillimus的字面意思是“最难的”或“非常难的”。

Celerrimus means fastest or very fast.

celerrimus是形容词celer的最高级形式,您如果希望记忆它,只要重点记忆celer就可以了。

【拉丁语】celer 

celer, celeris, celerium

adj. swift, quick, agile, rapid, speedy, fast; rash, hasty, hurried; lively; early;

英语中实际上也用到celer-这个词根:

celerity[si5leriti]n.敏捷, 快速(celer+ity

-ity名词后缀

源自拉丁语celer [迅速的]cel+er

联想记忆:

celebrate[5selibreit]v.庆祝, 祝贺, 表扬, 赞美, 举行(celebr+ate

源自 celeber  celebr- [常去的,著名的]

-ate动词后缀

 

Declension of Superlatives(最高级的变格)

Superlative adjectives are declined like first and second declension nouns.

Superlatives are adjectives and as such must agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case.

as such adv.同样地, 同量地

拉丁语的形容词要和被其修饰的名词在“性、数、格”上保持一致。

 

The endings are added to the base of the adjective.

 

These endings are not new or different, but they're here for convenience:

convenience[kEn5vi:njEns]n.便利, 方便, 有益, 有用的, 方便的用具、机械、安排等(con+veni+ence

con-前缀,表“共同,在一起

-ence名词后缀

也就是说,您如果希望记忆convenience这个所谓的英语单词,实际上只要重点记忆veni就可以了。当然,它同样是源自拉丁语。

Singular
case M. F. N.

nom. -us -a -um
gen. -i -ae -i
dat. -o -ae -o
acc. -um -am -um
abl. -o -a -o

Plural
case M. F. N.

nom. -i -ae -a
gen. -orum -arum -orum
dat. -is -is -is
acc. -os -as -a
abl. -is -is -is

Example: Clarus - Clarissimus -a -um

                Clear - Clearest

Singular

case        M                 F              N

nom.  clarissimus   clarissima    clarissimum

gen.  clarissimi    clarissimae   clarissimi

dat.  clarissimo    clarissimae   clarissimo

acc.  clarissimum   clarissimam   clarissimum

abl.  clarissimo    clarissima    clarissimo

Plural

case        M                 F              N

nom.  clarissimi     clarissimae   clarissima

gen.  clarissimorum  clarissimarum clarissimorum

dat.  clarissimis    clarissimis   clarissimis

acc.  clarissimos    clarissimas   clarissima

abl.  clarissimis    clarissimis   clarissimis

Unusual Superlatives

If an adjective ends in -er for its masculine singular nominative in what is called the "positive" (e.g., for the Latin adjective pulcher 'beautiful,' pulcher is the positive form), its superlative form will end in -errimus, -a, -um.

masculine singular nominative阳性、单数、主格

如果一个形容词源形的阳性、单数、主格是以-er结尾,其最高级形式就是在-er后面加上-rim-,请认真想一想,为什么这里要双写r

pulcher是一个以-er结尾的拉丁语形容词,意思相当于英语中的beautiful。它的最高级形式是pulcherrimus, -a, -um

注:

-us是拉丁语表“阳性、单数”后缀

-a是拉丁语表“阴性、单数”后缀

-um是拉丁语表“中性、单数”后缀,

练习:

请分别找出三个以-us-a-um结尾的英语单词。

 

【拉丁语】pulcher 

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum

adj. pretty; beautiful; handsome; noble, illustrious;

=======================

If the masculine singular nominative form of the adjective ends in -ilis (e.g., facilis 'easy'), the superlative form will be -illimus, -a, -um.

Singular

case        M                 F              N

nom.  pulcherrimus   pulcherrima    pulcherrimum

gen.  pulcherrimi    pulcherrimae   pulcherrimi

dat.  pulcherrimo    pulcherrimae   pulcherrimo

acc.  pulcherrimum   pulcherrimam   pulcherrimum

abl.  pulcherrimo    pulcherrima    pulcherrimo

Plural

case        M                 F              N

nom.  pulcherrimi     pulcherrimae   pulcherrima

gen.  pulcherrimorum  pulcherrimarum pulcherrimorum

dat.  pulcherrimis    pulcherrimis   pulcherrimis

acc.  pulcherrimos    pulcherrimas   pulcherrima

abl.  pulcherrimis    pulcherrimis   pulcherrimis

 

Irregular Superlatives

Here are some of the common adjectives that have irregular forms.

 

The positive is the basic form.

positive[5pCzEtiv]adj.肯定的, 实际的, 积极的, 绝对的, 确实的adj.

[]正的adj.[]阳的adj.[语法] 原级的(posit+ive)

posit[5pCzit]vi.[], 安排,【逻】断[]; 论断(pos+it)

 

For the adjective celer, the positive form would be translated "fast".

The comparative would be translated "faster".

comparative[kEm5pArEtiv]adj.比较的, 相当的(com+par+ative)

compare[kEm5pZE]v.比较, 相比, 比喻  n.比较(com+par+e)

 

The superlative would be "fastest".

 

It is worth noting that some of these irregular adjectives are also irregular in English.

Thus for the positive bonus, which means "good", the comparative is "better" and the superlative is "best".

(Translation) Positive(原级) – Comparative(比较级) -- Superlative(最高级)

  • (Big, Bigger, Biggest) magnus, -a, -um -- maior, maius -- maximus, -a, -um
  • (Small, Smaller, Smallest) parvus, -a, -um -- minor, minus -- minimus, -a, -um
  • (Good, Better, Best) bonus, -a, -um -- melior, melius -- optimus, -a, -um
  • (Bad, Worse, Worst) malus, -a, -um -- peior, peius -- pessimus, -a, -um

强烈建议您大概地认识一下英语中的常用单词maximumminimum:

maximum[5mAksimEm] adj.最高的, 最多的, 最大极限的(max+im+um)

minimum[5minimEm]adj.最小的, 最低的(min+im+um)

-im拉丁语表最高级的后缀,-um拉丁语表“中性、单数”后缀。

也就是说,maximum这个单词您要重点记忆的只是max,而minimum要记忆只是min。而且,最好要明白,它们实际上都是拉丁语单词。

optimum[5CptimEm]adj.最适宜的(opt+im+um 

 

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