阅读理解：拉丁语和罗曼语的分词

Latin and Romance languages

Latin（拉丁语）

The gerundive is sometimes considered the future passive participle, although it more closely resembles the jussive mood than the future tense.

A verbal adjective in Latin that in the nominative case expresses the notion of fitness or obligation and in other cases functions as a future passive participle.

gerundive[dVi5rQndiv]n.动词状形容词

动形词：拉丁语中动形词，在主格中表示适合性和必要性，并在其它格中作将来被动分词——the future passive participle

passive participle 被动分词

It is formed from the present stem + (e)ndus, -a, -um; e.g. educandus "needing to be taught". (cf. the paradigms for the Latin verbs: ēdūcō "I lead forth" (ēdūcendus "which is to be led forth") and ēducō "I educate" (ēducandus "which is to be educated") in Wiktionary: [1])

ēduca-是拉丁语动词educare的现在式词根。

-are是拉丁语动词现在时不定式后缀之一。

【拉丁语】

educo 1 

educo, educare, educavi, educatus

v. bring up; train; educate; rear;

educo 2 

educo, educere, eduxi, eductus

v. lead out; draw up; bring up; rear;

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French（法语）

There are two basic participles:

• Present active participle: formed by dropping the -ons of the nous form of the present tense of a verb (except with être) and then adding ant: marchant "walking", étant "being"

Present active participle现在主动分词，相当于英语中的“现在分词”。

• Past participle: formation varies according to verb group: vendu "sold", mis "placed", marché "walked", été "been", and fait "done".

The sense of the past participle is passive as an adjective and in most verbal constructions with "avoir", but active in verbal constructions with "être", in reflexive constructions, and with some intransitive verbs.^[7]

Compound participles are possible:

• Present perfect participle: ayant appelé "having called", étant mort "being dead"
• Passive perfect participle: étant vendu "being sold, having been sold"

Usage:

• Present participles are used as qualifiers as in "un insecte volant" (a flying insect) and in some other contexts. They are never used to form tenses. The present participle is used in subordinate clauses, usually with en: "Je marche, en parlant".

• Past participles are used as qualifiers for nouns: "la table cassée" (the broken table); to form compound tenses such as the perfect "Vous avez dit" (you have said) and to form the passive voice: "il a été tué" (he/it has been killed).

Spanish（西班牙语）

In Spanish, the present or active participle (participio activo or participio de presente) of a verb is traditionally formed with one of the suffixes -ante, -ente or -iente, but modern grammar does not consider it a verbal form any longer, as they become adjectives or nouns on their own: e.g. amante "loving" or "lover", viviente "living" or "live".

The continuous is constructed much as in English, using a conjugated form of estar (to be) plus the gerundio (sometimes called a verbal adverb or adverbial participle as it does not decline) with the suffixes -ando (for -ar verbs) or -iendo (for both -er and -ir verbs): for example, estar haciendo means to be doing (haciendo being the gerundio of hacer, to do), and there are related constructions such as seguir haciendo meaning to keep doing (seguir being to continue).

The past participle (participio pasado or pasivo) is regularly formed with one of the suffixes -ado, -ido, but several verbs have an irregular form ending in -to (e.g. escrito, visto), or -cho (e.g. dicho, hecho).

The past participle is used generally as an adjective meaning a finished action, or to form the passive voice, and it is variable in gender and number in these uses; and also it is used to form the compound tenses (as in English) in which it has only one form, the singular male one. Some examples:

As an adjective

• las cartas escritas "the written letters"

In the passive voice, accompanied by the verb "ser" (to be) and "por" (by)

• Los ladrones fueron capturados por la policia "The thieves were caught by the police."

To form compound tenses

• Ella ha escrito una carta. "She has written a letter."