阅读理解:把德语动词sprechen转化为名词的七种方式
(2013-09-10 20:05:21)
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阅读理解:把德语动词sprechen转化为名词的七种方式
Derivations of other words from the verb "sprechen":
To see some of the possibilities, consider as an example the strong verb "sprechen" and its most common meaning, "to speak."
sprechen是一个动词:
sprechen
绝大多数的德语动词不定式以-en结尾。
Sprechen是一个名词(德语中所有名词首字母均大写):
Sprechen (das)
"Sprechen" as a basis for certain nouns:
There are seven basic ways in which we can turn the verb "sprechen" into a noun:
1. By converting the infinitive into a neuter noun, "das Sprechen," which is equivalent to an English gerund and indicates the act of speaking. It has no plural form.
convert[kEn5vE:t]n.皈依者vt.使转变, 转换...,使...改变信仰(con+vert)
con-是常用拉丁语前缀,表“共同,在一起”,相当于英语中的with。
vert拉丁语词根,表“转”。
convert这个所谓的英语单词实际上全部由拉丁语元素构成:使用的是拉丁语前缀con-,和拉丁语词根vert。
您如果能够大概地认识vert这个词根,就一定可以特别轻松地掌握introvert, extrovert, controvert, advert, advertize, advertizement。当然,前提是您已经大概地认识一些常用语的前缀。
最最重要的是,您认识的这些常用前缀和词根极可能会为您记忆德语、荷兰语、意大利、法语、西班牙语、葡萄牙语等语言的单词提供极大的帮助。因为在这些语言中也使用大量的拉丁语元素。
2. By adding an "-er" or an "-erin" to the stem to indicate a male or female who performs the action (speaker): "der Sprecher / die Sprecherin."
der Sprecher(阳性)
die Sprecherin(阴性)(实际上是在-er后面加上-in)
In certain cases, the "-er" can also indicate an instrument: "der Fernsprecher" (telephone); "der Lautsprecher" (loudspeaker).
Fernsprecher
这个单词是由前缀fern和名词Sprecher构成。
fern相当于英语中的far和源自拉丁语的前缀tele-:
fern
已经掌握Sprecher的小朋友,再大概地认识一下前缀fern就一定不会再把Fernsprecher分解成F,e,r,n,s,p,r,e,c,h,e,r。
Lautsprecher
Laut [der] 声音。口音。语言。
laut adj. 大声的。响亮的。尖锐的。音量高的。adv. 大声。高声。
prp +Gen/Dat.根据;按照
The plural of these "-er" nouns is the same as the singular: "die Sprecher", "die Lautsprecher", etc.
The plural of the feminine form is of course "-erinnen": "die Sprecherinnen." (Link here to a further discussion of the suffix "-er").
Sprecherinnen中的后缀-erinnen就占了7个字母(-er+in+n+en),如果您把Sprecherinnen分解成S,p,r,e,c,h,e,r,i,n,n,e,n去“前”一定会以为德语比英语还难学。
3. By adding an "-e" to the preterite form ("sprach") to create a feminine noun, "die Sprache" (language; manner of speaking).
preterite[5pretErit]n.过去式, 过去时态adj.过去时态的(preter+ite)
preter-[`pri:tE(r)]表示“超过”之义,如:preternatural, pretersensual
The plural adds an "-n": "die Sprachen." (Link here to a further discussion of feminine nouns derived from verbs).
4. By using an old form of the preterite to create a masculine noun, "der Spruch" (saying; slogan; [legal] verdict).
The plural of this form of nominalization involves an umlaut when possible and a final "-e": "die Sprüche". (See below for a further discussion of masculine nouns derived from strong verbs).
umlaut[5umlaut]n.(日耳曼语系中的)元音变音vt.使变音
um-表“周围,变化”
Laut是一个德语单词:
laut
prp +Gen/Dat.根据;按照
Laut
5. By adding ge- to the umlauted preterite form to create a so-called "collective noun," "das Gespräch" (discussion; conversation).
collective noun n.集合名词
【德语】Gespräch
The plural adds an "-e": "die Gespräche." (Link here to a further discussion of collective nouns).
6. By turning the present participle into an adjectival noun: "der Sprechende" (the man who is speaking) / "die Sprechende" (the woman who is speaking).
present participle n.[语]现在分词
【德语】sprechend
sprechend是德语动词sprechen的现在分词。
-end相当于英语中的-ing。
在现在分词后面加上-e构成形容词性名词。
7. By turning the past participle into an adjectival noun: "das Gesprochene" (that which has been said).
【德语】gesprochen
Gesprochen是德语动词sprechen的过去分词。
加上前缀ge-,中间元音有变化。
While "sprechen" does not offer this option, a number of verbs can also be converted to nouns by adding the suffix "-ung" to the stem.
The result is a feminine noun that indicates an instance of the verb: "wandern" (to hike) becomes "die Wanderung" (hike); "trennen" (to separate) becomes "die Trennung" (separation). See more about "-ung" below, as well as in the section on "-ung" in the general discussion of suffixes.
【德语】wandern
德语中在-er后面加-en变化成-n。把这个后缀去掉就成了一个英语单词:
【英语】wander[5wCndE]vi.漫步, 徘徊, 迷路, 迷失方向, 离题(wand+er)
-er实际上是拉丁语表“阳性、单数”后缀。
【日语】wander
【德语】trennen
英语中则远离了日尔曼语而转向采用拉丁语:
separate[5sepEreit]adj.分开的, 分离的, 个别的, 单独的v.分开, 隔离, 分散, 分别(separ+ate)
源自中古英语 separaten
-ate动词后缀
separ源自拉丁语的se-和par-:
se-是sect-的变化,表“切,分离”,请复习secret, section, insect。
par-源自拉丁语parāe [准备]。
友情提示:如果您能在记忆英语单词时大概地熟悉一些拉丁语前缀和词根,一定可以特别轻松地熟悉那些在德语中也采用相应的拉丁语前缀和后缀的单词。如您能掌握英语中的preposition也就基本上已经掌握德语中的:
【英语】preposition[7prepE5ziFEn]n.【语】前置词; 介词(pre+position)
pre-前缀,源自拉丁语前缀prae-表“在……前”。
【德语】Präposition
prä-前缀,源自拉丁语前缀prae-.

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